Sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.), generally considered as a crop of temperate region, is spreading to subtropical countries where it can be grown successfully during winter season. It is having growth period of about half of sugarcane but productivity per unit time is higher and requires less water than sugarcane. Many environmental and agronomic factors influence sugar beet yield and quality. Thus to harness maximum benefits from sugarbeet, there is need to select the most appropriate varieties, planting time, planting methods, planting density, sowing depth, providing adequate crop nutrition and irrigation schedule. For successful production of sugarbeet under subtropical environmental conditions there is need to evaluate the performance of different varieties under subtropical Indian conditions. Planting dates has a vital role for germination, growth, yield and root quality of sugarbeet plants. Sugarbeet emerge faster when air and soil temperature ranges between 15-25°C, thus sowing date should be adjusted accordingly to coincide with given range of temperature. Performance of the crop is likely to be greatly influenced by method of sowing, plant density and depth of sowing. Better growth and higher yields can be achieved by two-rows-bed planting technique, plant density of 12 plants m-2 and at the 1.25 and 2.5 cm planting depths. Proper combinations of farm yard manure and inorganic fertilizers should be worked out to derive the best possible advantage of inputs. Under Punjab conditions sugarbeet responded up to 120 kg/ha of nitrogen on high organic carbon loam soil testing high in available N. Potassium fertilizers increase both leaf number and length as well as chlorophyll content. Both sources of potassium i.e. KCl and K2SO4 had a positive effect on sugarbeet growth and development. Crop yields can suffer from either under or over irrigation. Irrigation scheduled at 75 and 50 mm evaporation produced the highest yield of sugarbeet. 

Agronomy of sugarbeet cultivation-A review

Background: Agriculture not only provides food for the living beings, it also maintains the environmental balance in the globe. Water management and manure supply management to the plants and crops is the important factors to be considered for healthy and heavy yielding. Manures plays major role in the effective agriculture process. Both non organic and organic manures are effectively utilized by the farmers now a day. By considering the soil, air, water and the entire environmental safety, feeding non organic manure has been slowed down by the formers and governments. Hence, the only chance remains are the traditional organic manure feeding for the effective growth and yielding. Many organic manure has been proposed and tested by many researchers for its effectiveness on all plants and crops. Among all the organic manures tested, one organic manure &ldquo;Jeevamirtham&rdquo; have provided best results in almost allplants and crops. Preparation and feeding of Jeevamirtham is a tedious and time consumingprocess and it needs high man power and water source. Hence, to handle this Jeevamirtham, the traditional method of manure feeding needs help from technology.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: To satisfy the needs of agriculture activities, a smart method of organic manure preparation and feeding has been proposed and tested in this work. This new method consists of automatic mixer, jeevamirtham producing tank, slurry pump and distribution setup. It is a semi-automated method which provides manure to individual plant and crop in equal volume.&nbsp; 
 
Result: This proposed method is capable of producing 3000 litres of Jeevamirtham in 72 hours of time and supplies almost equally to all plants and crops in the field.&nbsp; Further, this new method has achieved notable improvements in plant growth, yielding, disease resistance, draught resistance, 95% of fertility with longer life time in various soil environments. The PM also has an improvement of 2-4% in the yielding with comparatively small quantity of water, time and manpower requirement than all other existing methods.

An Effective Production, Distribution and Performance Analysis of&nbsp; Jeevamirtham towards the Smart Agronomy for Plants and Crops

<div>In this paper, we show the importance of Vedic mathematics to derive the optimal solution in agriculture e.g. for soil management and crop production, sowing of seeds etc. Since the primary requirement of any being is food i.e. anna, a man started to think about its production, because without production-consumption is impossible. Agriculture is the base of Indian agronomy or rural economy and the proper management of land is most essential for the same. We also study a systematic investigation on the Vedic agricultural system to prove is as the base of modern agronomy. Vedic Mathematics is an ancient system of calculation which was discovered from the Vedas between 1911 and 1918 by Sri Bharati Krishna Tirthaji Maharaj (1884-1960). Vedic Mathematics is a collection of techniques and formulas to solve mathematical arithmetic in easy and faster way; it offers a new and entirely different approach to the study of Vedic Mathematics based on pattern recognition. Mathematics is practical science as it helps us with the daily life. Arithmetic computations cannot be obtained faster by any other known method rather than Vedic mathematics, so this is the best way of understanding mathematics to agriculture students.</div>

An Approach to Implement Vedic Mathematics to Agricultural System: A Review

Background: The chemical use is hitting the sustainability in soil and decreasing its potency. The imbalanced and continuous use of chemical fertilizers in intensive cropping system has led to reduction in the crop yields and resulted in imbalance of nutrients in soil which has adverse effect on soil physico-chemical properties. Organic and natural farming presents a valid alternative approach to conventional farming due to its potential to contribute quite substantially to the global food supply, while reducing the detrimental environmental impacts of conventional agriculture. Hence, the current experiment aimed to evaluate chickpea based intercropping system for their response with seed spices, linseed and sorghum to evaluate their growth, yield attributes and yield. 
&nbsp; 
Methods: This study was conducted during the rabi season of 2022-2023 and 2023-2024 in at Centre for Organic Agriculture Research and Training, Department of Agronomy and analytical work was conducted at Center for Organic Agriculture Research and Training laboratory, Department of Agronomy, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola. 
&nbsp; 
Result: Results revealed that among various intercropping systems, significantly taller plants along with higher LAI, dry matter accumulation, yield attributes and yield were observed under sole chickpea and in organic nutrient modules highest growth parameters, yield attributes and yield were recorded with integration of both organic and natural farming practices. 
&nbsp;

Chickpea Thrive: Unleashing Potential in Intercropping Systems with Different Organic and Natural Farming Practices

<div>Background: The presence of weeds in cowpea reduced the yield to the tune of 60-82% depending on the weed flora and density. The critical period of weed competition in cowpea was 20-25 DAS. Therefore it is essential to control weeds effectively to harness the maximum yield potential of the crop. To manage weeds in cowpea it is also important to determine the efficacy of pre and post-emergence herbicides. Sequential application of herbicides in a short duration crop not only increases the cost of production but also create cumbersome in its application. Therefore ready mix herbicides are now becoming popular among farming community. These new ready mix herbicides need to be tested for its bio-efficacy to manage weeds and its effect on crop productivity and symbiotic characters of cowpea. Therefore, a field experiment was carried out to evaluate the impact of herbicides on the productivity and profitability of summer cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) at Agronomy Main Research Farm, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha (India) during summer season. 
 
Methods: The experiment was laid out at Agronomy Main Research Farm, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha (India) during the summer season of 2021 and2022 in a randomized block design (RBD) comprised of eight treatment with three replications. Standard procedures were followed for the observations and statistical analysis of the data. 
 
Result: The experimental results revealed that ready mix of pendimethalin+imazethapyr-750 g/ha significantly control the mixed flora of weeds which resulted significant increase in growth and yield. Ready mix application of pendimethalin + imazethapyr 750 g/ha registered the highest benefit to cost ratio.</div>

Effect of Herbicidal Weed Management on Productivity and Profitability of Summer Cowpea

<div>
<div>Background: Clusterbean [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.] (2n=2x=14) is an under exploited legume belonging to family fabaceae. Clusterbean is a versatile legume crop cultivated mostly as animal feed, green manure green leaves as fodder, vegetable and cover crop. Clusterbean is a drought resistant, hardy, deep rooted annual legume crop. D2 statistics&nbsp; provides a measure of magnitude for divergence between two genotypes under comparison. For broadening the genetic base of cultivars, the genetic diversity present in cultivated and wild relatives must be explored. Generally, diverse germplasms are expected to give high hybrid vigor and hence, it necessitates studying genetic divergence among the existing varieties and genotypes for the identification of parents for hybridization programme. 
 
&nbsp;</div>

<div>Methods: The present investigation was undertaken to study genetic variability in clusterbean [Cymopsis tetragonaloba (L.) Taub] with using a set of 40 genotypes at Agronomy Instructional Farm, Department of Agronomy, Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University, Sardarkrushinagar during Kharif 2019 in randomized block design with four replications. Mahalanobis (1928) D2 statistic was used for assessing the genetic divergence between different populations. Grouping of the genotypes in different clusters was done by using Tocher&rsquo;s method. The inter-cluster distance was calculated by measuring the distance between clusters I and cluster II, between clusters I and cluster III, between clusters II and cluster III and so on. Likewise, one by one cluster was taken and their distances from other clusters were calculated. 
 
&nbsp;</div>

<div>Result: The genetic diversity analysis revealed the formation of nine clusters suggested the presence of considerable genetic diversity among the 40 genotypes. The clustering pattern indicated that geographic diversity was not associated with genetic diversity. The analysis of per cent contribution of various characters towards the expression of total genetic divergence indicated that, the&nbsp; number of branches per plant followed by gum content, days to maturity, days to flowering contributed maximum towards total genetic divergence. On the basis of inter cluster distances, cluster IX was found to be more divergent. Therefore, it was concluded that the genotypes belonging to these cluster should be inter crossed in order to generate more variability.</div>
</div>

​Genetic Diversity for Seed Yield and its Components in Clusterbean [Cymopsis tetragonaloba (L.) Taub]

<div>Background: The field experiment was conducted during 2018-19 experimental farm of Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, CSK HPKV, Palampur (H.P.), India. The experiment comprised of ten treatments (maize-wheat, maize-wheat + gobhi sarson, dhaincha-cabbage-frenchbean, sunhemp-vegetable pea-frenchbean, maize + soybean chickpea + linseed, rice-wheat + gram, hybrid sorghum + hybrid bajra-oats + sarson (hybrid), hybrid sorghum + hybrid bajra-ryegrass + berseem, babycorn-broccoli-frenchbean and okra-turnip-tomato) which was laid out in randomized block design with three replications. 
 
Methods: The present investigation was conducted during October 2018-October 2019 (Kharif and Rabi seasons) at an elevation of 1100 m amsl at a latitude of 32&deg;04&rsquo;N and longitude of 76&deg;35&rsquo; E at Bhadiarkar Experimental Farm, Department of Agronomy, CSK HPKV, Palampur, Kangra district of Himachal Pradesh, India. The soil of the experimental area falls in the order of Alfisols with Paleudalf as the great group as per the Udic Moisture Regime. During kharif and rabi season the crop varieties were applied with the recommended dose of N, P2O5 and K2O (kg ha-1). The source of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) were urea, single super phosphate and muriate of potash. 
 
Result: In terms of food for human consumption, highest yield was obtained under the okra-turnip-tomato cropping sequence followed by dhaincha-cabbage-frenchbean and sunhemp-vegetable pea-frenchbean. While in terms of fodder yield, highest was obtained under hybrid sorghum + hybrid bajra-oats + sarson (hybrid) cropping sequence followed by hybrid sorghum + hybrid bajra-ryegrass + berseem. Highest maize grain equivalent yield was obtained with okra-turnip-tomato crop sequence. All other treatments remained superior in comparison to the maize-wheat crop sequence. Maize + soybean-chickpea + linseed emerged to be the best treatment with the highest benefit cost ratio. The treatment comprising okra-turnip-tomato sequence also proved to be the second-best treatment followed by hybrid sorghum + hybrid bajra-oats + sarson (hybrid). Sunhemp-vegetable pea-frenchbean recorded the highest uptake of the available nutrients from soil which was followed by babycorn-broccoli-frenchbean. There was net loss of available nutrients although the loss was less in the sequences with multiple crops during the year. The treatments had no significant effect on the pH and organic carbon content of the soil.</div>

​Effect of Different Crop Sequences on Soil Nutrient Status, Nutrient Uptake and Crop Yield in Western Himalayas of India

A field experiment was carried out during kharif 2009-10 to 2011-12 at Agronomy Instructional Farm, C. P. College of Agriculture, S. D. Agricultural University, Sardarkrushinagar, Gujarat to study the effect of herbicides on weed control and yield of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Nine treatments of weed control were evaluated in randomized block design and replicated four times. Besides weed free treatment, an application of pendimethalin @ 1000 g/ha PE + imazethapyr 75 g/ha PoE at 15-20 DAS and H. W. + IC at 20 and 40 DAS recorded higher mature pods per plant, shelling percent, pod yield, &nbsp;haulm yield, gross return, net return, BCR and weed control efficiency as well as lower weed index and dry weight of &nbsp;weeds. &nbsp;No adverse effect of herbicides was observed on plant population, grain and straw yield of succeeding wheat crop.

Effect of herbicides on weed control and yield of kharif&nbsp;groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

Cowpea is an important pulse crop. Weeds posses a severe problem in cowpea production and, if it is not managed with best management practices, can act as a hibernating agent and reduce yield and quality. An attempt was made to collect published data on weed management practices aimed at maximizing yield of cowpea. This work was done at Department of Agronomy, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India. The literature search was done during July 2023 to January 2024.&nbsp;About 120 review and research papers were screened from various databases, including the TNAU library, Google Scholar, Scopus, Research Gate, ARCC journals and 75 papers were used to write this paper. This review article documents information gathered on importance of cowpea, nutritional profile of cowpea, anti-nutritional factors, health benefits, critical period of weed control, yield reduction percentage, weed flora in cowpea, SSB, mulching, manual weeding, cultural practices, chemical methods and IWM in cowpea was comprehensively presented.

Weed Management Practices in Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.): A Review

Legumes are versatile crops with great potential to produce protein-rich grains, naturally fix nitrogen, and enhance beneficial microbes in the soil. In the current context of climate change and global warming, incorporating legumes into crop rotation can help mitigate the negative effects of climate change and improve soil health. Researchers at the Division of Agronomy, FoA, SKUAST-J conducted a systematic and integrative review of published studies on the effects of legumes in cropping systems for soil ecology improvement. The review included research work from different parts of the world, particularly India. The literature search was conducted between August 2023 and November 2023 and around 150 review and research papers were screened from various databases such as ARCC journals, Google Scholar, Research Gate and Scopus. Out of these, 120 papers were used to write this comprehensive review article. The article provides a detailed documentation of the significant impact of legumes in cropping systems on soil ecology improvement. It emphasizes the potential effectiveness of legumes as a strategy for maintaining soil health.

Agronomy of sugarbeet cultivation-A review

An Effective Production, Distribution and Performance Analysis of Jeevamirtham towards the Smart Agronomy for Plants and Crops

An Approach to Implement Vedic Mathematics to Agricultural System: A Review

Chickpea Thrive: Unleashing Potential in Intercropping Systems with Different Organic and Natural Farming Practices

Effect of Herbicidal Weed Management on Productivity and Profitability of Summer Cowpea

Genetic Diversity for Seed Yield and its Components in Clusterbean [Cymopsis tetragonaloba (L.) Taub]

Effect of Different Crop Sequences on Soil Nutrient Status, Nutrient Uptake and Crop Yield in Western Himalayas of India

Effect of herbicides on weed control and yield of kharif groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

Weed Management Practices in Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.): A Review

Legumes in Cropping System for Soil Ecosystem Improvement: A Review