<div style="text-align: justify;">Thirty wheat genotypes (Triticum aestivum L.) were evaluated for 11 morphological and yield trait for analysis of character association (phenotypic and genotypic correlation coefficient), path analysis and cluster analysis. The experiment was conducted during rabi seasons of 2014-2015 in a randomized block design with three replication. Days to 50% heading showed positive and significant correlation with &nbsp;flag leaf area and number of spiklet per ear; flag leaf area showed positive and significant correlation with 1000 grain weight; Plant height &nbsp;showed positive and significant correlation with &nbsp;spike length; spike length &nbsp;showed positive and significant correlation with &nbsp;1000 grain weight. Phenotypic path analysis showed &nbsp;biological yield and number of grain per spike had highly positive and direct effect on grain yield. Direct and highly positive effect on grain yield was shown by number of productive tillers, plant height, spike length, number of spikelet per spike genotypic path coefficient. Biological yield and grains yield per plant show highly positive and direct effect on yield with number of productive tillers, plant height, number of spikelet per spike and spike length. In &nbsp;cluster analysis the intra cluster distance ranged from 1.61 (cluster II) to 2.37 (cluster III and VI ). Thus the member of cluster II were &nbsp;least divergent and similarly the &nbsp;member of cluster III and IV were most divergent &nbsp;The maximum inter cluster distance was between cluster II and III followed by cluster IV &nbsp;and V , cluster VI and &nbsp;III and cluster VI and &nbsp;V that order therefore the accessions grouped in the five pair of cluster may be considered as most divergent.</div>

Evaluation of wheat genotypes (<em>Triticum aestivum</em> L.) for assessment of character association, path coefficient and cluster analysis

<div><strong>Background:</strong> Rice is the most important human food crop in the world and its production is affected by various biotic and abiotic stress including low soil fertility. Zinc deficiency is one of the most important micronutrient deficiencies limiting rice yield. The vast reserve of germplasm of rice grown in different eco systems could be screened to exploit the genotypic differences bfor zinc deficiency tolerance. With the advent of molecular markers, association mapping strategy based on non-random associations between causative loci and phenotype could be employed to resolve the complex traits like zinc deficiency tolerance. With this background, the current study is focused to explore the extent of variability for zinc deficiency tolerance using zinc deficiency score and quantitative traits among 44 germplasm accessions and to identify quantitative trait loci associated with zinc deficiency tolerance using Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) marker-based association mapping.<br />
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<strong>Methods: </strong>A set of 44 accessions consisting of landraces and improved varieties were selected based on their zinc deficiency score in field (Zn=0.64 ppm) screening experiment conducted in Regional Research Station, Paiyur, Tamil Nadu. Eight accessions from each Zn Def score group along with four other genotypes namely Savulu Samba, Kotta Nel, Paiyur 1 and ADT 39 were chosen for the study. Molecular analysis was carried out among the selected accessions using a total of 40 random Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) primers.<br />
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<strong>Result:</strong> Our study revealed the existence of diversity at molecular level among the selected accessions. Clustering analysis separated the accessions in two major clusters which were in accordance with the population structure analysis which resulted with two sub-populations. Through our study we identified certain accessions namely, Karuppu Nel, Manipur Local and BAM 440 which recorded high yields along with least zinc deficiency scores implying their ability to act as donors for zinc deficiency tolerance under submerged condition. Subsequent association analysis which resulted in putative association of zinc deficiency score with critical plant traits such as plant height and number of productive tillers, revealed that association mapping could be a viable strategy for understanding genetic mechanism of zinc deficiency tolerance in rice.</div>


<div>Study on Analysis of Molecular Diversity and Trait Association for Zinc Deficiency Tolerance in Rice under Submerged Conditions</div>


<div style="text-align: justify;">17 microsatellite markers were used in this study to analyze genetic diversity of Qinghai Bactrian camels, conduct association analysis between microsatellite markers and body size or other traits and seek for microsatellite markers related to body size measurement of Qinghai Bactrian camels, thus providing a reference for marker assisted selection of Qinghai Bactrian camels. Results indicated that 17 microsatellite markers totally detected 65 alleles, average number of alleles was 3.0524, average heterozygosity was 0.6205 and average polymorphic information content was 0.5813, showing high polymorphism among the Qinghai Bactrian camel population. Association analysis results indicated that 8 microsatellites&mdash;LCA82, CMS18, CMS36, CMS104, CVRL101, YWLL29, YWLL36 and YWLL44&mdash;exerted different influences on body weight and body size of Qinghai Bactrian camels, especially LCA82 marker had a significant influence on all body sizes of Qinghai Bactrian camels. Specifically speaking, body height of BB genetic type was significantly higher than that of AA genetic type, chest circumference of BB genetic type was higher than those of AA genetic type and BD genetic type, body length and body weight of BB genetic type were significantly higher than those of AC, BD and AA genetic types, and circumference of cannon bone of BD genetic type was significantly higher than that of AA genetic type. 8 markers&mdash;LCA82, CMS18, CMS36, CMS104, CVRL1010, YWLL29, YWLL36 and YWLL44&mdash;had significant influences on chest circumference and body weight of Qinghai Bactrian camels. Markers LCA82, CMS36 and YWLL44 had significant influences on their body height, and microsatellite markers LCA82, CMS36, CVRL101 and YWLL44 could exert influences on body length of Qinghai Bactrian camels.&nbsp;</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Association analysis between microsatellite marker polymorphism and body size trait of Qinghai Bactrian camels</div>

<p><strong>Background:</strong> Most of the canine monocytic ehrlichiosis (CME) cases are left undetected until they reach the chronic stage which is non-responsive to the treatment resulting in death associated with panleucopenia. Hence, diagnosis of clinical or subclinical CME is of paramount importance to prevent entering into the fatal chronic stage.<br />
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<strong>Methods:</strong> Dogs (n=50) presented with haemorrhagic signs were subjected to microscopic examination and immunochromatography test. Positive cases were subjected to haemato-biochemical analysis, radiography, ultrasonography and computerized tomography. Meta-analysis of clinical variables was done to determine the causal association.<br />
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<strong>Result: </strong>CME was observed in 22.0 per cent of cases by lateral flow assay (LFA) and 2.0 per cent by microscopic examination. Pathological changes were noticed in the liver, spleen, kidney, lungs, urinary bladder and intestine. A decrease (P&lt;0.05) in haemoglobin level (8.66&plusmn;1.59), increase (p&lt;0.05) in white blood cell (21.87&plusmn;5.2), monocyte count (8.5&plusmn;1.06) and serum alkaline phosphatase level (151.33&plusmn;48.12) and increase (p&lt;0.01) in blood urea nitrogen (57.64&plusmn;12.82) was observed. Melena (91.6%) was the predominant sign among positive cases. The sign- specific prevalence rate was high for epistaxis, circling/ joint pain (100.0%), emaciation (100.0%) and monocytosis (75.0%). The relative risk for the prevalence of CME was 5 to 6 times more in dogs with emaciation (95% CI, 2.26 to 12.18) and melena (95% CI, 0.73 to 6.71). High prevalence was observed in females (28.5%, p&gt;0.05), 4-6-year-old (45.0%, p&gt;0.05), pure bre<s>e</s>d<s>s</s> (100.0%, p&lt;0.01) and recent tick infestation (31.2%, p&gt;0.05). Antibody-based test, imaging techniques, haemato-biochemical analysis and the causal association could be useful tools in identifying the persistent ehrlichial infection.</p>


<p>Prevalence of Ehrlichiosis in Dogs with Gastrointestinal Bleeding Signs and Meta-analysis of Causal Association</p>


<p>Correlation analysis provides useful information for basis of selection for trait like pod and seed yield. Seed yield is the most economic as well as very complex character in nature because it is governed by polygene and greatly influenced by environmental factors. The estimate of genotypic correlation coefficients in general higher than their corresponding phenotypic correlations indicating strong inherent association among the traits. Pod yield in groundnut is a complex and depends upon the interplay of number of components attributes. Primary yield components of groundnut viz., pod size, sound mature kernels, shelling percentage, 100 kernel weight, kernel yield and number of mature pods per plant showed positive correlation with each other and with pod yield. A clear picture of contribution of each component is the final expression of character would emerge through the study of correlation and causation of path concept revealing different ways in which component attributes influence the complex traits. Path coefficient analysis helps in formulating the selection criteria based on these direct and indirect effects. In order to achieve the goal of increased production by increasing the yield potential of crop, knowledge of direction and magnitude of association between various traits is essential for plant breeders.&nbsp;</p>


<p>Character association and path coefficient analysis for yield, yield attributes and water use efficieny traits in grounndut (Arachis hypogaea L.) - A &nbsp;review</p>


<p>The present experiment has been designed to study the correlation and path coefficient analysis to identify the important character(s) for selection under different environmental conditions. The fifty durum wheat genotypes were grown in simple randomized block design experiment (RBD) as timely and late sowing for two years. The estimates of genotypic correlation coefficients were higher in magnitude than the estimates of phenotypic correlation coefficients for almost all the character combinations in all the environments. The grain yield showed significant and positive association with tiller number, biological yield and harvest index in all the environments; with plant height in &nbsp; E III and E IV; with days to maturity and 100 grain weight in E IV only. Path coefficient analysis identified biological yield and harvest index as most important characters which not only showed highest direct effect towards grain yield but almost all other character also showed indirect contribution towards grain yield via these two characters.<br />
&nbsp;</p>


<p>Character association analysis in durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.)</p>


<div><strong>Background:</strong> Garden pea is one of the principal vegetable crops cultivated in the temperate and sub- tropical areas of the world for its green pods. It is an important food legume worldwide after <em>Phaseolus vulgaris</em>. The knowledge about the interdependence of characters in a particular crop can effectively be employed to breed desirable cultivars and to challenge the consequences of the unprecedented biological, physical and chemical stresses of the future growing conditions. The regression and path analysis further has significance for the assured selection of the varieties with desirable traits and hence adaptation of species in different agro-climatic conditions; hence it is also one of the prerequisites for crop improvement programmes. Correlation and path analysis in garden pea explained that among all the yield contributing traits, number of pods per plant and pod weight have significant contribution in increasing the green pod yield per plant.<br />
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<strong>Methods:</strong> 14 heterotic recombinant inbred lines and 17 existing cultivars of garden pea, were put to experimentation for working out the association of the yield and yield contributing component characters under the open field conditions of Regional Horticultural Research and Training Station, Bajaura Kullu, Himachal Pradesh, India. This association was further elaborated through the coefficient of correlation and regression analysis and path coefficient analysis.<br />
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<strong>Result:</strong> The genotypic correlation coefficients were found higher than the phenotypic correlation coefficients for all the characters studied. The correlation coefficients revealed that green pod yield per plant had highly significant and positive association with pod weight and number of pods per plant. The path coefficient analysis also revealed that the maximum positive direct effect on green pod yield per plant was exerted by the number of pods per plant, pod weight and 100-seed weight. Through regression equation analysis it became clear that number of pods per plant, pod weight contributed significantly in increasing the green pod yield per plant. With a unit increase in these independent characters, the green pod yield per plant will increase by 2.34 and 33.45 per cent. It can thus be concluded that despite of the positive correlation of almost all the characters with green pod yield per plant, only number of pods per plant and pod weight are important and significant independent characters for increasing the green pod yield per plant.</div>


<p>​Character Association and Path Analysis in Heterotic Recombinant Inbred Lines in Garden Pea (<em>Pisum sativum</em> L.)</p>


<div><strong>Background: </strong>GnRH-1 mainly exists in hypothalamus and it is vital to gonad development and sexual maturity of animals. This study mainly analyzed the association between GnRH-1 polymorphism and carcass traits of quails, Research conclusions can provide references for breeding of new species of quail.<br />
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<strong>Methods: </strong>From 2018 to 2019, 31 female samples of Chinese Yellow quail, beijingbai quail and Korean quail were collected in Luolong District, Luoyang City, Henan Province, China.<br />
SNP mutation sites of GnRH-1 gene were investigated in China yellow quail, Beijing white quail and Korean quail through PCR amplification and DNA sequencing technologys. Moreover, correlation analysis between polymorphism sites of GnRH-1 gene and carcass traits of quail was performed.&nbsp;<br />
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<strong>Result: </strong>According to research results, a total of 14 SNP mutation sites of GnRH-1 were detected in China yellow quail, Beijing white quail and Korean quail, which were C71T, C108T, C168T, C178T, A184G, C206T, A209C, C215T, A252G, A279T, C281T, C293G, C339T and C458T. For A209C and C281T, only 2 genotypes were detected in China yellow quail and Beijing white quail, while for the remaining 12 SNP mutation sites, 3 genotypes were detected in three quail species. Correlation analysis showed that A209C, A279T, C281T and C339T were significantly correlated with liver weight (P&lt;0.05), A209C, C281T and C339T were significantly correlated with dressing percentage (P&lt;0.05), C215T and A279T were significantly correlated with breast muscle weight(whole) (P&lt;0.05), A209C was significantly correlated with body weight, dressed carcass weight and whole net carcass weight (P&lt;0.05).</div>


<div>Association Analysis between Polymorphism of GnRH-1 Genes and Carcass Traits of Quail (<em>Coturnix coturnix</em>)</div>


<div><strong>Background:</strong> Relative to other abiotic factors like salinity and drought, breeding rice cultivars that are resistant of high temperatures has received a little attention. The purpose of this study is to find parents and genotypes that are suitable for utilizing in high temperature stress breeding program.&nbsp;<br />
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<strong>Methods:</strong> The genetic material for this study comprised of a set of germplasm collections (293 accessions) from different sources such as International Rice Research Institute germplasm. These populations were raised at the Department of Rice, Centre for Plant Breeding and Genetics, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore. The Heat tolarance Indices (TOL) <em>viz.</em>, Heat tolerance index (HTI) and Heat susceptibility index (HSI) and association analysis were estimated among germplasm lines for yield attributes under normal and high temperature stress condition.<br />
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<strong>Result:</strong> Out of 293 genotypes, sixty nine genotypes significantly exceeded for both HTI and HSI. Association studies revealed that, single plant yield had highly significant and positive association with panicle exertion, number of total tillers per plant, number of productive tillers per plant, panicle length, number of filled grains per panicle and total dry matter production. Spikelet sterility and high temperature susceptibility index had highly significant and negative association with single plant yield. Number of productive tillers had significant and positive correlation with total dry matter production, panicle length, number of filled grains per panicle, days to maturity, hundred grain weight, grain breadth and high temperature susceptible index. Hence these traits may be considered as selection indices for yield and high temperature tolerance improvement programme. Hence it may be possible to combine single plant yield and heat susceptibility index by specific breeding programme for high temperature tolerance in rice.</div>


<p>Association Analysis in Rice Germplasm Lines for High Temperature Tolerance</p>


<div><strong>Background:</strong> Grain yield is a complex character so direct selection for yield as such can be misleading. Keeping in view, the present study aimed to assess the path coefficient analysis with correlation coefficient technique to establish the direct and indirect relationship between the yield and its component.<br />
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<strong>Methods:</strong> The present investigation carried out during kharif 2019 at Centurion University of Technology and Management, Odisha in randomized complete block design with 3 replication involving 20 maize genotypes. Data were collected from five randomly selected plnts on 20 agromorphic and biochemical traits. All the biochemical analysis estimated from leaf sample following standard procedure.&nbsp;&nbsp;<br />
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<strong>Result:</strong> The traits shelled grain weight, cob diameter, number of grains per cob and anthesis silking interval were found to possess significant association in disirable direction with five ear weight at both genotypic and phenotypic levels. None of the biochemical trairts establishing significant positive association with yield. Highest positive direct effect on 5 ear weight&nbsp; was noticed by shelled grain weight (1.108) followed by phenols (0.115), internodal length (0.106) and days to 50 percent anthesis (0.102) indicating that the selection for these characters were likely to bring about an overall improvement in grain yield directly.</div>


Evaluation of wheat genotypes (Triticum aestivum L.) for assessment of character association, path coefficient and cluster analysis

Study on Analysis of Molecular Diversity and Trait Association for Zinc Deficiency Tolerance in Rice under Submerged Conditions

Association analysis between microsatellite marker polymorphism and body size trait of Qinghai Bactrian camels

Prevalence of Ehrlichiosis in Dogs with Gastrointestinal Bleeding Signs and Meta-analysis of Causal Association

Character association and path coefficient analysis for yield, yield attributes and water use efficieny traits in grounndut (Arachis hypogaea L.) - A review

Character association analysis in durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.)

Character Association and Path Analysis in Heterotic Recombinant Inbred Lines in Garden Pea (Pisum sativum L.)

Association Analysis between Polymorphism of GnRH-1 Genes and Carcass Traits of Quail (Coturnix coturnix)

Association Analysis in Rice Germplasm Lines for High Temperature Tolerance

Character Association and Path Analysis for Yield Components and Biochemical Traits in Maize (Zea mays L.) Genotypes