Legume Research

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Bio-Efficacy of Spinetoram 6% W/V (5.66% W/W) + Methoxyfenozide 30% W/V (28.3% W/W) SC against Pod Borers Infesting Greengram [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek]

G. Srinivasan1,*, M. Shanthi2, K. Naveena2
1Department of Crop Protection, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Kudumiyanmalai-622 104, Tamil Nadu, India.
2Centre for Plant Protection Studies, Coimbatore-641 003, Tamil Nadu, India.
  • Submitted19-09-2022|

  • Accepted27-01-2023|

  • First Online 03-03-2023|

  • doi 10.18805/LR-5044

Background: Spotted pod borer, Maruca vitrata (F.) and blue butterfly, Lampides boeticus (L.) are important lepidopteran borers infesting greengram [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] throughout India. Therefore, novel insecticide mixture in comparison with other standard synthetic insecticides has been tested for its bio-efficacy against these two borers in greengram. 

Methods: A field experiment was conducted at Vagurani, Usilampatti Block, Madurai district, Tamil Nadu during June to August, 2020 in randomized block design (RBD) with eight treatments and three replications. The experimental field was monitored for the population of pests and natural enemies (No./ 10 plants), per cent pod damage, total grain yield and phyto-toxic symptoms. From the data recorded, per cent reduction in population over control was calculated. The per cent pod damage was calculated by randomly picking 100 pods from each plot of each replication. The grain yield from each plot was recorded after each picking and converted into kg/ ha. 

Result: Two sprays of spinetoram 6% w/v + methoxyfenozide 30% w/v SC @ 144 g a.i/ha and flubendiamide 34.35 SC @ 48 g a.i/ha from 45 DAS at 15 days interval proved to be most effective and superior in reducing the lepidopteran pod borers like M. vitrata and L. boeticus and no lethal effect was recorded towards the coccinellid predators, Menochilus sexmaculatus, C. transversalis and spiders. This combination did not cause any phytotoxic symptoms like leaf injury, wilting, vein clearing, necrosis, epinasty and hyponasty at any day after treatment on stems, leaves, flowers and pods of greengram.
Mung gram or greengram (Vigna radiata L.) is a significant legume in South Asia. It is indigenous to India and Central Asia and has been grown in these regions since prehistoric times. Moreover, their role in improving the fertility of the soil, by microbial fixation of atmospheric nitrogen, further enhances their importance and utility. The total area covered by pulses in India was around 30.37 million hectares (Anonymous, 2022) and India is the largest producer of greengram. Pulses occupy a unique position in the Indian economy and being the major source of proteins in diet. It consists of easily digestible high-quality protein (24%), phosphorus (0.32%), iron (0.0073%), carotene (0.00039%), niacin (0.0021%) and energy 334 cal/100 g of greengram (Singh et al., 2009). A number of factors are responsible for less yield, however, losses caused by insect pests are one of the major factors, therefore, appropriate and efficient pest control techniques should be undertaken to reduce these losses. The blue butterfly (Lampides boeticus L.) and spotted pod borer (Maruca vitrata F.) are the two major pests infesting greengram. Thus, the unique insecticide combination was evaluated to curb insect pests of greengram.
Field trial was conducted during June to August, 2020 at Vagurani, Usilampatti Block, Madurai district, Tamil Nadu to evaluate the bio-efficacy of spinetoram 6% w/v (5.66% w/w) + methoxyfenozide 30%  w/v (28.3% w/w), their safety to natural enemies of target pests and phyto-toxicity effect on the crop. The greengram variety, CO 8 was grown at a spacing of 30 x 10 cm with three replications in randomized block design (RBD) with a total plot size of 150 sq. m. The experimental field was monitored for the pests and natural enemies’ population (No./ 10 plants), per cent pod damage, total grain yield and phyto-toxic symptoms. The treatment details are furnished in Table 1. Insecticides were sprayed to run off point using a high volume battery operated knapsack sprayer. The concentration of insecticides required, on the basis of active ingredient, the desired amount of each insecticide was measured by an electronic balance and subsequently mixed with spray fluid (500 L ha-1) based on the age of the crop. Based on ETL, two rounds of spraying were given at 15 days interval starting from 45 days after sowing. The per cent pod damage was calculated by randomly picking 100 pods from each plot of each replication. The grain yield from each plot was recorded after each picking and converted into kg/ ha. The phyto-toxic symptoms like leaf injury on tips and leaf surface, wilting, necrosis, vein clearing, epinasty and hyponasty were observed and the extent of phyto-toxicity was recorded based on visual scoring of the European Weed Research Council (EWRC).

 
 Where,
Ta= Number of insects after treatments.
Tb= Number of insects before treatments.
Ca= Number of insects in untreated check after treatments.
Cb= Number of insects in untreated check before treatments.

Table 1: Effect of Spinetoram 6% w/v + Methoxyfenozide 30% w/v SC on pod borers in greengram.


 
Effect of spinetoram 6% w/v + methoxyfenozide 30% w/v SC on borers
 
Number of L. boeticus and M. vitrata larvae varied from 6.0 to 7.3 and 3.3 to 4.6 per ten plants, respectively, before imposing treatments. Spinetoram 6% w/v + methoxyfenozide 30% w/v SC @ 144 g a.i./ha was significantly superior and registered the lowest larval population of L. boeticus (1.42 per ten plants) (85.75% reduction over control) and M. vitrata (0.97 per ten plants) (86.97% reduction over control) (Table 1).
 
Spinetoram 6% w/v + methoxyfenozide 30% w/v SC against pod damage due to pod borers
 
Flubendiamide 34.35 SC @ 48 g a.i./ha was superior in minimizing the pod damage (5.7%) which was statistically on par with spinetoram 6% w/v + methoxyfenozide 30% w/v @ 144 and 126 g a.i./ha (5.9%) (Table 2).

Table 2: Per cent pod damage by borers and their influence on greengram yield.

 

The present findings are in agreement with Singh and Singh (2019) who found minimum pod and grain damage in green gram by M. vitrata due to spinosad 60 g a.i. ha-1 (7.17, 2.84%) followed by emamectin benzoate 8 g a.i. ha-1 (9.50, 4.88%) and fipronil 100 g a.i. ha-1 (11.33, 7.44%). Similar reports were given by Yadav and Singh (2014) and Sonune et al. (2010). Similarly, spinosad 45 SC was proved to be effective against Helicoverpa armigera Hubner and M. testulalis infesting greengram (Meena et al., 2022). Selvam et al. (2020) stated that flubendiamide 480 SC recorded the lowest larval population of gram blue butterfly, Euchrysops cnejus Fab. (1.83 larvae/ plant).
 
Effect of spinetoram 6% w/v + methoxyfenozide 30% w/v SC on grain yield of greengram
 
The highest grain yield was recorded for spinetoram 6% w/v + methoxyfenozide 30% w/v SC @ 144  g a.i./ha (578.96 kg/ha), which was followed by flubendiamide 34.35 SC @ 48g a.i./ha (555 kg/ha). compared to untreated plot which recorded 287.96 kg/ha grain yield (Table 2).

Similarly, an  increase in grain yield (8.86 q/ ha) was obtained in spinosad treated green gram field by Singh and Singh (2019). The present findings are in agreement in Umbarkar and Parsana (2014), Yadav and Singh (2014), Kaushik et al. (2016) and Meena et al. (2022) who reported the maximum grain yield from spinosad treatment. Singh et al. (2020) recorded the highest marketable yield in flubendiamide 20 WG @ 1.0 g/l (9.14 q/ ha) and spinosad 45 SC @ 0.3 ml/l (9.13 q/ ha).
 
Effect of spinetoram 6% w/v + methoxyfenozide 30% w/v SC on spiders
 
Data on population of spiders on insecticide treated and control plots are given in Table 3. Mean population after two sprays revealed that spider population was the maximum in untreated check (4.65 per ten plants) followed by spinetoram 6% w/v + methoxyfenozide 30% w/v SC @ 126 g a.i./ha (4.45 per ten plants), spinetoram 6% w/v + methoxyfenozide 30% w/v SC @ 135 g a.i./ha (4.30 per ten plants) and spinetoram 6% w/v + methoxyfenozide 30% w/v SC @ 144 g a.i./ha (4.28 per ten plants) treated plots.

Table 3: Population of spiders on greengram, as influenced by Spinetoram 6% w/v + Methoxyfenozide 30% w/v SC.


 
Effect of spinetoram 6% w/v + methoxyfenozide 30% SC on coccinellids
 
Data on population of grubs and adults of coccinellids on insecticide treated and control plots are given in Table 4. Mean population of coccinellids., Menochilus sexmaculatus Fab. and Coccinella transversalis F. after two sprays revealed that coccinellid population was maximum in untreated check (2.3 per ten plants) followed by spinetoram 6% w/v + methoxyfenozide 30% w/v @ 126 g a.i./ha (2.15 per ten plants), spinetoram 6% w/v + methoxyfenozide 30% w/v @ 135 g a.i./ha (2.11 per ten plants) and spinetoram 6% w/v + methoxyfenozide 30% w/v@ 144 g a.i./ha (1.95 per ten plants) treated plots.

Table 4: Population of coccinellids on greengram as influenced by Spinetoram 10% w/v + Sulfoxaflor 30% w/v SC.


 
Studies on phytotoxicity of spinetoram 6% w/v + methoxyfenozide 30% w/v SC in greengram
 
Spinetoram 6% w/v + methoxyfenozide 30% w/v SC @ 144 g a.i/ha and spinetoram 6% w/v + methoxyfenozide 30% w/v SC @ 288 g a.i/ha did not cause any phytotoxic symptoms like leaf injury, wilting, vein clearing, necrosis, epinasty and hyponasty at any day after treatment on stems, leaves, flowers and pods of greengram. 
Out of eight treatments evaluated against lepidopteran pod borers viz., M. vitrata and L. boeticus, two sprays of spinetoram 6% w/v + methoxyfenozide 30% w/v SC @ 144 g a.i/ha and flubendiamide 34.35 SC @ 48 g a.i/ha from 45 DAS at 15 days interval proved to be most effective and no lethal effect was recorded to the coccinellid predators, M. sexmaculatus, C. transversalis and spiders. They did not cause any phytotoxic symptoms like leaf injury, wilting, vein clearing, necrosis, epinasty and hyponasty at any day after treatment on stems, leaves, flowers and pods of greengram.
None

  1. Anonymous. (2022). Published report of National Conference on Agriculture (Kharif Campaign-2022) by Agriculture Commissioner, Department of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, New Delhi. 2-4 pp.

  2. Kaushik, A.K., Yadav, S.K. and Srivastava, P. (2016). Field efficacy of insecticides and mixture against spotted pod borer, Maruca vitrata Fabricius on cowpea. Annals of Plant Protection Sciences. 24: 89-92.

  3. Meena, V.P., Khinchi, S.K., Bairwa, D.K., Hussain, A., Kumawat, K.C. and Anvesh, K. (2022). Bio-efficacy of chemical insecticides and biopesticides against gram pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) and spotted pod borer, Maruca testulalis (Geyer) on greengram, Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek. Legume Research. 45: 385-390.

  4. Selvam, K., Shiva, N., Manikandan, K.R. and Rajavel, D.S. (2020). The field efficacy of newer insecticide molecules against major pod borers of black gram. Toxicology International. 27: 1-6.

  5. Singh, B.K., Pandey, R., Singh, A.K., Mishra, M.K., Singh, S.K. and Gupta, R.P. (2020). Field efficacy of new generation insecticides for the management of spotted pod borer, Maruca vitrata (Fab.) in cowpea. International Journal of Plant Protection. 13: 36-39.

  6. Singh, K., Sharma, U.S., Swaminathan, R. and Dashora, P.K. (2009). Management of insect pests of Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek. Applied Ecology and Environmental Research. 7: 99-109.

  7. Singh, S.K. and Singh, P.S. (2019). Efficacy and economics of certain insecticides and biopesticides against spotted pod borer, Maruca vitrata (Fabricius) on greengram. Journal of Entomological Research. 43: 145-148.

  8. Sonune, V.R., Bharodia, R.K., Jethva, D.M., Rathod, R.T. and Deshmukh, S.G. (2010). Field efficacy of chemical insecticides against spotted pod borer, Maruca vitrata (Fabricius) infesting blackgram. Legume Research. 33: 287-90.

  9. Umbarkar, P.S. and Parsana, G.J. (2014). Field efficacy of different insecticides against spotted pod borer, Maruca vitrata (Geyer) infesting green gram. Journal of Industrial Pollution Control. 30: 227-30.

  10. Yadav, N.K. and Singh, P.S. (2014). Bio-efficacy of chemical insecticides against spotted pod borer, Maruca testulalis (Geyer) on mungbean. International Journal of Agriculture Environment and Biotechnology. 7: 187-90.

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