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Research Article

Legume Research, volume 44 issue 11 (november 2021) : 1315-1321

Enhancing the Water Stress Tolerance in Soybean (Glycine max L.) through Anti-Transpirants and Mulch

P. Revathi1,*, M.N. Arun2, K. Sukumar1, S. Dhrua1, G.S. Madu Bindu1
1Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University, Hyderabad-500 030, Telangana, India.
2Indian Institute of Rice Research, Hyderabad-500 030, Telangana, India.

  • Submitted19-08-2019|

  • Accepted31-01-2020|

  • First Online 15-05-2020|

  • doi 10.18805/LR-4216

Cite article:- Revathi P., Arun M.N., Sukumar K., Dhrua S., Bindu Madu G.S. (2021). Enhancing the Water Stress Tolerance in Soybean (Glycine max L.) through Anti-Transpirants and Mulch . Legume Research. 44(11): 1315-1321. doi: 10.18805/LR-4216.

ABSTRACT

A field experiment was conducted during kharif 2014 - 2015 in the Agricultural Research Station, Adilabad, Telangana to assess the effect of straw mulch and anti – transpirants on growth and yield of soybean. The treatment consisted of A) Anti- transpirants (5) (spray at 15 days after flower initiation): T1 - MgCO3 @ 5% T2 Glycerol @ 5% T3 - KNO3 @ 1% T4 - NaCO3 @ 5% T5 - Control (water spray) B). Straw mulch @ 5 t/ ha after sowing C) Control (no mulch). Among the different anti - transpirants, Na2CO3 @ 5% recorded higher mean seed yield (2862 kg/ ha) which was at par with Glycerol @ 5% (2762 kg/ ha) and MgCO3 @ 5% (2731 kg/ ha). Mulch (straw mulch @ 5 t/ ha) was significantly superior over control (without mulch) with highest mean seed yield (2723 kg/ ha). The combination of straw mulch and anti – transpirant can be recommended as an effective with respect to yield and cost for the soybean under rainfed condition.

INTRODUCTION

The wonder crop ’Soybean’ [Glycine max (L.) Merril] is a leguminous crop and belongs to family leguminosae with sub-family papillionaceae. It is a unique pulse cum oilseed with about 38-40 per cent protein content and 18-20 per cent oil. Thus it is a major source of edible oil and high protein feed and food supplement in the world (Imliwati et al., 2016). Soybean is cultivated in an estimated area of 11.39 million ha in India with an annual production of 13.79 million tonnes of grain and productivity of 1219 kg/ha (Anonymous, 2017). Soybean is grown mainly as kharif season rainfed crop and to increase the economic competitiveness of soybean, the management of moisture stress is essential at critical stages of crop growth. Water stress is the most critical threat under the present changing climatic scenario, as it is an important constraint to crop production and productivity. Water stress hampers important physiological and biochemical mechanisms of the plants leading to reduction in growth and yield. Plant growth depends on cell division, cell enlargement and differentiation involving genetic, physiological and morphological processes and their interactions which are effected by water deficit. Water deficit decreased the dry matter partitioning to leaves, relative growth rate and net assimilation rate in soybean (Itoh and Kumura, 1986). The most important constraint on soybean cultivation is the deficit of soil moisture during flowering to pod filling stage of crop. The cultivation of soybean crop is more risky due to climate change, insufficient and erratic distribution of rainfall (Hefny, 2011). Plants under water stress can avoid the harmful effect of drought through several ways among them stomatal closure, leaf rolling, osmotic adjustments, reductions and consequently decrease in cellular expansion, alteration of various essential physiological and biochemical processes that can affect growth and productivity (Farouk and Amany, 2012).
 
        
Sekhon et al., (2005) noticed an increased seed and biomass yield of soybean to the range of 4.4 to 68.3 per cent and 17 to 122 per cent respectively, under wheat straw mulching in different cropping seasons due to increased leaf area index, chlorophyll content and number of pods per plant. Mulching with organic materials aims to cover soil form a physical barrier to limit soil water evaporation, control weeds, maintain a good soil structure and protect crops from soil contamination. Mulching increased soil moisture and decreased the weed growth and there by enhanced yield in soybean (Abdukadirova et al., 2016).
        
The evapo-transpiration loss-minimization is required to obtain good yields in rainfed conditions. Soybean crop is grown under rainfed condition and due to erratic monsoon the crop suffers from moisture stress during its growth stage.  To avoid this problem, efficient, conservation and utilisation of rain water is must. The suitable agronomic practices need to be developed to conserve and utilize rain water efficiently.  Use of mulches and anti-transpirants can enable us to overcome the period of low rain fall and drought condition. Hence, certain anti-transpirants and mulch are needed to be tested for their effectiveness. Muhammad Hamayun et al., (2010) reported that the influence of anti-transpiration agents, MgCO3, Na2CO3 and glycerol at four concentrations (2, 4, 6 and 8 %) in prolonging vase life of Monstera deliciosa cut leaves. At present anti - transpirants and mulches are not in use though the crop suffers frequent dry spells.  Hence, there is an urgency to recommend suitable anti - transpirants and use of mulches in soybean crop to enhance the yield.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A field experiment was carried out during kharif 2014 - 2015 at the Agricultural Research Station, Adilabad, Telangana (Latitude- 19°67 N, Longitude- 78°53 E and altitude- 257.8 M) to assess the effect of straw mulch and anti-transpirants on growth and yield of soybean (Fig 1). The soil samples were collected from experimental site, processed and physical and chemical properties of soil were measured with prescribed standard procedure (Jackson, 1973). The soil was black soil with pH 7.5, EC 0.15 dS/m, organic carbon (0.15%), low in available nitrogen (179.1 Kg/ha), medium in available phosphorous (14.3 Kg/ha) and high in available potassium (386.3 Kg/ha). The experiment was laid out RBD design with factorial concept in a three replications and adopted in gross plot size 6.0´3.6 m and net plot size 5.0´2.75 m. The treatment consisted of A) Anti-transpirants (5) (spray at 15 days after flower initiation): T1- MgCO3 @5%; T2- Glycerol @ 5%; T3- KNO3 @ 1%; T4- NaCO3 @ 5%; T5- Control (water spray) B). Straw mulch @ 5 t/ha after sowing C) Control (no mulch). JS-355 variety seeds were sown in lines at 30 cm apart and 10 cm between plants. The recommended dose of 20:80:40:40 kg NPKS/ha in the form of urea, single super phosphate, muriate of potash and gypsum were applied to all plots uniformly in lines and incorporated at the time of sowing. The anti-transpirant treatments were imposed using a knap sack sprayer as per treatment once during vegetative stage and second at flowering stage at the rate of 50 g of 10 litres of water except KNO3  was applied at 10 g per 10 litres of water. Ten plants were tagged at random in each treatment plot for recording the various physiological parameters and yield at 30 DAS, 45 DAS, 60 DAS and at maturity. Crop was harvested at maturity; threshed and plot-wise seed yield was recorded and converted to kg/ha.
 
@figure1
 
Stomatal conductance
 
Measured from each plot at 15 days interval using Infra Red gas analyzer (IRGA).
 
Transpiration rate
 
Measured from each plot at 15 days interval using IRGA.
 
Photosynthetic rate
 
Measured from each plot at 15 days interval using IRGA.
 
Chlorophyll content
 
Chlorophyll content of leaves was calculated using the formula suggested by Yoshida et al., (1972). Fresh leaf samples were collected from each plot. Then a known weight from each sample was taken and the chlorophyll was extracted using Dimethyl Sulphoxide (DMSO). Then the intensity of color was read using Spectronic 20 spectrophotometer at 663 nm and 645 nm.
 
Relative leaf water content (RLWC)
 
Relative leaf water content was estimated using the method suggested by Barrs (1986). Fresh fully opened leaves from top were taken and cut into small pieces. Then a known weight from each sample was taken and immediately weighed to get the fresh weight and hydrated to full turgidity for four hours. After four hours, the samples were taken out, wiped off the surface moisture quickly and lightly with filter paper and immediately weighed to obtain fully turgid weight.
 
The samples were oven dried at 800C for 24 hours and weighed to determine dry weight.
 
RLWC = Fresh weight - Dry weight / Turgid weight - Dry weight
 
Crop growth rate (CGR)
 
Crop growth rate (CGR) was calculated by adopting the following formulae as suggested by Watson (1952).
 
 

Where,
W1 = Dry weight of the plant (g) at time t1.
W2 = Dry weight of the plant (g) at time t2.
t1 and t2 = Time interval (days).
A = Unit land area (dm2).

Soil moisture content was determined by taking fresh soil sampled from depths of 15 cm and 30 cm in the experimental one and two week after anti-transpirant spray. Sampled fresh weight was weighed and dried in oven for 24 hours at 105°C. The gravimetric soil water content was determined using after weighing oven dried soil sample.

 
Data from the individual parameters was subjected to analysis of variance as per standard prescribed by Gomez and Gomez (2010).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Mulches and anti-transpirants enhanced the plant height over control (Table 1). Maximum plant height (54.5 cm) was recorded in straw mulch @ 5 t/ha (M1) application over no mulch (M2) (44.1 cm). This may be due to the negative effect of water stress on photosynthesis, nutrient metabolism and hormonal activities and plant water relations. Liu et al., (2002) concluded that mulch increases soil moisture and nutrient availability to plant roots. Among the anti-transpirants, foliar application of sodium carbonates (5%) (T3) obtained highest plant height (64.4 cm) which was comparable to other anti transpirants including water spray.  
 

Table 1: Effect of much and anti-transpirants on dry matter production, CGR and RWC of soybean.


        
Mulches and anti-transpirants had significant effect on dry matter production initially up to 30 DAS. Straw mulch @ 5 t/ha (M1) recorded higher dry matter production of 10.1 g, 33.0 g and 42 g over no mulch (M2) (8.53 g, 29 g, 39 g) (Table 1). The increase in plant dry matter under optimum soil moisture could be attributed to the effect of water on some quantitative and qualitative changes that take place in certain metabolic processes of plant cells (Zhang and Outlaw, 2001). The availability of high soil moisture reduces stomatal closure; this opens the pathway for the exchange of water, carbon dioxide and oxygen, resulting in increase in photosynthetic rate and thereby increasing vegetative growth (Karkanis et al., 2011). Total dry matter at 30 DAS was highest with Glycerol @ 5 per cent (9.86 g) which was  on par to water spray and Na2CO3 @ 5% where as with straw mulch higher dry matter was recovered. Anti transpirants significantly affected the dry matter production at 45 DAS. Total dry matter at 45 DAS was high with MgCO3 @ 5% (37 g) which was at par with Na2CO3 @ 5% and KNO3 @ 1%. Total dry matter at 60 DAS did not vary significantly among the anti-transpirants. Total dry matter tested with different anti-transpirants coupled with and without mulch. The mean CGR at 30-45 DAS was higher than mean CGR at 45-60 DAS may be due difference in dry matter production is more at 30 - 45 DAS than 45-60 DAS. This might be direct relation to physiological processes in plant and helped in increasing the biomass production by improving the reproductive phase. The anti-transpirants are able to increase the leaf resistance to water vapour loss, thus improving plant water use and increasing biomass and less vigour growth was detected with control plants (treated with water). Bittelli et al., (2001) reported that occasional drought events can be counteracted through the use of anti-transpirants applied to foliage to limit the water loss. Straw mulch @ 5 t/ha after sowing produced maximum (0.0098 g) mean CGR at 30-45 DAS than Control (Without mulch) and among the anti-transpirants MgCO3 @ 5 per cent (0.0083 g/m2/day) recorded maximum CGR at 30-45 DAS where as at 45-60 DAS obtained higher mean CGR with @ KNO3 1% (0.0042 g/m2/day) (Table 1). Potassium regulates the osmotic turgor of cells and water balance which is driving force for cell division and elongation. Similar results were obtained of increase in plant height due to application of anti-transpirants of potassium nitrate and potassium solution during drought in chickpea (Brahma et al., 2007).
        
The total chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate and stomatal conductance were higher in straw mulch (M1) compared to no mulch (M2) (Table 2).  Anti-transpirant application of Na2CO3 @ 5 per cent (T3) significantly increased the physiological parameters over spray of MgCO3 (T1), glycerol (T2), KNO3 (T4) and water spray (Control) (T5). Highest chlorophyll content and relative water content observed among water stress mitigation treatments, with straw mulch (M1) and Na2CO3 (5%) spray as anti-transpirant due to their effect on maintaining a favourable water balance inside the plants. among water stress mitigation treatments, mulching and anti-transpirants recorded higher values of physiological parameters due to their effect on maintaining a favourable water balance inside the plants. Increased chlorophyll content due to maintenance of cell turgidity and inhibition of chlorophyll breakdown in green gram as a result foliar spray with NaCl was reported by Jisha and Puthur (2014). Foliar applications of anti-transpirants limit CO2 exchange due to reduced stomatal conductance which in turn regulates transpiration (Del Amor et al., 2010).  During dry period the treatments MgCO3 @5%, Glycerol @ 5%, KNO3 @ 1% and  NaCO3 @ 5% when applied with mulch showed effective improvement on dry matter production, relative water content, crop growth rate and reduced evapotranspiration when compared to control (water spray and without mulch.
 

Table 2: Effect of mulches and anti-transpirants on total chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate and stomatal conductance in soybean.


        
Anti-transpirants coupled mulch number of pods/plant, seed index and straw yield and harvest index was comparatively higher with Na2CO3 @ 5 per cent, MgCO3 @ 5 per cent and glycerol @ 5 per cent (Table 3). Straw mulching, though did not affect seed index significantly but number of pods/plant and biomass was significant higher compared to control. The harvest index did not differ significantly with respect to mulching. KNO3 @ 1 per cent registered higher harvest indices over other anti-transpirants. This might be due to availability of moisture which increases cell expansion because of turgor pressure and increases photosynthesis rate, which in turn, increases assimilate production and transportation from source to sink which increases yield components (Al-Suhaibani, 2009). Probably as a result of using anti-transpirants improved metabolic activity, enzymes, protein synthesis so increased harvest index. The successful use of an anti-transpirant is when the relative stomata closure rather than reduced photosynthesis, transpiration will be severely reduced. An anti-transpirant that cause partial stomatal closure can increase the total resistance to the movement of water vapour over the entire resistance against the movement of CO2 thus can expect that an anti-transpirant, decrease the transpiration rate more than net photosynthesis rate (Mina Javan et al., 2013).
 

Table 3: Effect of mulch and anti-transpirants with respect to yield parameters and economics in soybean.


        
Of the different anti-transpirants, Na2CO3 @ 5% recorded higher mean seed yield (2862 kg/ha) which was at par with Glycerol @ 5% (2762 kg/ ha) and MgCO3 @ 5% (2731 kg/ha). (Table 4) The findings are same with Muhammad Hamayun et al., (2010) reported that glycerol at 2 or 4% extended vase life of M. deliciosa cut leaves by 7-folds than the control (7 days) and better than the other treatments. The response of glycerol on prolonging leaf vase life was accompanied by a decrease in the degradation of pigments and protein as well as decrease in the percentage of defence enzymes (superoxide dismutase catalase) and  this correlated with decreasing leaf water loss. Mulch (straw mulch @ 5 t/ha) was significantly superior over control (without mulch) with highest mean seed yield (2723 kg/ha). The reason attributed to favourable effect of higher relative water control in plant resulted in less leaf senescence and higher photosynthesis. These favourable effects resulted in better grain development and ultimately in increased grain yield (Kachhadiya et al., 2010). Similar observation on yield was recorded with application of anti-transpirants in soybean (Billore, 2017).  There was significant increase in grain yield due to mulching along with anti-transpirants might have due to optimum moisture availability at different growth stages improved the growth and yield attributes.  
 

Table 4: Effect of anti-transparent and mulch on seed yield (Kg/ha) in soybean.


        
Mulches and anti-transpirants also found to have significant effect on soil available moisture (Table 5). The soil moisture content in the soybean plots under mulching treatments fluctuated with rainfall and air temperature over growing season with the bare soil. The soil moisture content decreased in June, July and August due to limited rainfall and greater temperature and more in September due to greater rainfall. Drought stress on soybean crop prevailed for a period of 45 days during entire crop growth period. At a depth of 30 cm up to two weeks after anti- transpirant spray, soil moisture status was significantly highest when mulch was applied as compared to no mulch. The soil moisture content at 15 cm and 30 cm was the maximum under straw mulching and minimum under bare soil. The organic soil mulch helped conserving soil moisture in 0-30 cm root zone layer due ot reduction in soil temperature. In the treatments applied with anti-transpirants viz., Na2CO3 @ 5 per cent, MgCO3 @ 5 per cent and glycerol @ 5 per cent recorded comparatively higher soil moisture over the remaining treatments at 15 cm depth one week after anti-transpirant spray and at 15-30 cm depth two weeks after anti-transpirant spray. However, the soil moisture in the top layer (0-15 cm) did not vary significantly due to anti-transpirants two weeks after their spray. Bilbro and Frayrar (1991) reported that pearl millet stover applied @ 4.5, 9 and 13.4 tonnes per acre covering the soil about 85 per cent, 95 per cent and 100 per cent, respectively resulted in 53 per cent higher lint yields than the check plot in cotton. Millet mulched plots consistently had more stored water than their non-trash counterparts. From the data the most economically feasible anti-transpirants coupled with mulch and without mulch was worked out by incorporating the yield data with the cost of cultivation (Table 3).  Highest net returns of Rs. 53,425, Rs. 50,975 and Rs. 50,150 were recorded with anti-transpirants 5% Na2CO3 @ 5%, glycerol and MgCO3 respectively.  But the B: C ratio was higher with MgCO3 @ 5% (1:4.26), Na2CO3 @ 5% (1:3.93) and glycerol @ 5% (1 and 3.8).  Among the mulch, straw mulch @ 5 t/ha after sowing has recorded highest net returns (Rs. 49,330/-) and B: C (1:3.82) over control. The highest net monitory return was on account of favourable response to mulches and anti-transpirants on yield in soybean.
 

Table 5: Effect of mulch and anti-transpirants on available soil moisture status (dry weight basis) in soybean.

CONCLUSION

Thus based on the findings application of anti-transparent MgCO3 @ 5% , Na2CO3 @ 5% and Glycerol @ 5% coupled with mulch, straw mulch @ 5 t/ha after sowing can be recommended to mitigate the moisture deficit and best employed to farmers for boosting productivity and profitability of soybean under rainfed condition.

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