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Current IssueEditorial BoardOnline First ArticlesArchive

Research Article

volume 42 issue 3 (june 2019) : 291-299,   Doi: 10.18805/LR-416

Breeding groundnut for rust resistance: A review

H
Happy Daudi
H
Hussein Shimelis
L
Learnmore Mwadzingeni
M
Mark Laing
P
Patrick Okori
1<div style="text-align: justify;">University of KwaZulu-Natal, School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, P/Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa.</div>

  • Submitted13-03-2018|

  • Accepted30-07-2018|

  • First Online 23-08-2018|

  • doi 10.18805/LR-416

Cite article:- Daudi Happy, Shimelis Hussein, Mwadzingeni Learnmore, Laing Mark, Okori Patrick (2018). Breeding groundnut for rust resistance: A review. Legume Research. 42(3): 291-299. doi: 10.18805/LR-416.

ABSTRACT

Sustainable groundnut production can be realised through development and adoption of high yielding cultivars possessing durable rust resistance. Integrating conventional breeding with genomic tools in identifying candidate rust resistance genes, and introgressing the genes into adapted elite germplasm, with the aid of molecular makers, could enhance breeding for rust resistance. This review highlights breeding approaches for groundnut rust resistance, with emphasis on integrating conventional breeding with marker-assisted selection. The life cycle, symptoms and epidemiology of the pathogen are also discussed to understand the host-pathogen interaction and guide groundnut rust resistance breeding.

REFERENCES

  1. Abate, T., Alene A.D., Bergvinson D., Shiferaw B., Silim S., Orr A. et al. (2012a) Tropical Grain Legumes in Africa and South Asia. Knowledge and Opportunities. TL II Research Report No. 1
  2. Adamu, A., Olorunju P., Ado S., Alabi S. (2008) General and specific combining ability estimates for rosette resistance, early maturity and other agronomic traits in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Int. J. Pure. Appl. Sci. 2: 33-41.
  3. Bertioli, D., Leal-Bertioli S., Lion M., Santos V., Pappas G., Cannon S. et al. (2003) A large scale analysis of resistance gene homologues in Arachis. Mol. Genet. Genom. 270: 34-45.
  4. Bromfiel, K., and Bailey W. (1972) Inheritance of resistance to puccinia-arachidis in peanut. Phytopathol.62: 748-760.
  5. Bulbule, S., and Mayee C. (1997) Influence of weather parameters on the deposition pattern of urediniospores of groundnut rust. Indian J. Mycol. Pl. Path.27: 170-174.
  6. Cook, M. (1980) Host-parasite relations in uredial infections of peanut by Puccinia arachidis. Phytopathol.70: 822-826.
  7. Das, S., Raj S., Sen C. (1999) Temporal and spatial epidemic development of groundnut rust (Puccinia arachidis Speg.) as a function of altered date of sowing. Trop. Agr.76: 45-50.
  8. FAOSTAT (2014) Statistical data on crops, groundnut, area, production quantity of Tanzania, Africa & World,.http://faostat.fao.org.
  9. Ghewande, M. (2009) Rust of Groundnut-An Overview. APH Publishing Corp., New Delhi, pp 326–334.
  10. Gowdu, B.J., Balasubramanian R. (1993) Biocontrol potential of rust of groundnut by Acremonium obclavatum. Can. J. Bot.71: 639-    643.
  11. Gumpert, F.-M., Geiger H., Stähle U. (1987) A mathematical model of the epidemics in homogeneous and heterogeneous host stands. J. Plant Dis. Prot. 94: 206–215 .
  12. Hayman, B. (1958) The separation of epistatic from additive and dominance variation in generation means. Heredity. 12: 371-390.
  13. Joel, A., Sumathi P., Raveendran T. (2006) Genetics of rust (Puccinia arachidis Speg.) and its association with rust related traits in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Plant Arch.6: 553-556.
  14. Jogloy, S., Trisuvanwat W., Wongkaew S., Patanothai A. (1999) Combining ability and heritabilty of rust resistance and agronomic traits in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Thai. J. Agr. Sci.47: 777-780.
  15. Khedikar, Y., Gowda M., Sarvamangala C., Patgar K., Upadhyaya H., Varshney R. (2010) A QTL study on late leaf spot and rust revealed one major QTL for molecular breeding for rust resistance in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Theor. Applied Genet. 121: 971-984.
  16. Khedikar, Y., Gowda M., Sarvamangala C., Patgar K., Upadhyaya H., Varshney R. (2010) A QTL study on late leaf spot and rust revealed one major QTL for molecular breeding for rust resistance in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Theor. Appl. Genet.121: 971-984.
  17. Kishore, B. (1981) Rust inheritance studies in groundnut (Arachls hypogaea L.). Masters Thesis, Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University, India.
  18. Kokalis, Porter D.M., Rodriguez-Kabana R., Smith D., Subrahmanyam P. (1997) Compendium of peanut diseases. Am. Phytopathol.2: 31-333.
  19. Kumari, V., Gowda M., Tasiwal V., Pandey M.K., Bhat R.S., Mallikarjuna N. et al. (2014) Diversification of primary gene pool through introgression of resistance to foliar diseases from synthetic amphidiploids to cultivated groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Crop Journal. 2: 110-119.
  20. Leal-Bertioli, S.C., José A.C.V., Alves-Freitas D.M., Moretzsohn M.C., Guimarães P.M., Nielen S. et al. (2009) Identification of candidate genome regions controlling disease resistance in Arachis. BMC Plant Biol.9: 1-12.
  21. Mace, E., Phong D., Upadhyaya H., Chandra S., Crouch J. (2006) SSR analysis of cultivated groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) germplasm resistant to rust and late leaf spot diseases. Euphytica. 152: 317-330.
  22. Mallaiah, K., and Rao A. (1979) Groundnut rust: factors influencing disease development, sporulation and germination of uredospores. Indian. Phytopathol.32: 382-388.
  23. Mondal, Badigannavar A. (2010) Molecular diversity and association of SSR markers to rust and late leaf spot resistance in cultivated groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Plant Breeding. 129: 68-71.
  24. Mondal, Badigannavar A. (2015) Peanut rust (Puccinia arachidis Speg.) disease: its background and recent accomplishments towards disease resistance breeding. Protoplasma. 252: 1409-1420.
  25. Mondal, Badigannavar A.M., Murty G. (2008) RAPD markers linked to a rust resistance gene in cultivated groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Euphytica. 159: 233-239.
  26. Mondal, Hande P., Badigannavar A.M. (2014) Identification of transposable element markers for a rust (Puccinia arachidis Speg.) resistance gene in cultivated peanut. J. Phytopathol.162: 548-552.
  27. Moretzsohn, M., Leoi L., Proite K., Guimaraes P., Leal-Bertioli S., Gimenes M. et al. (2005) A microsatellite-based, gene-rich linkage map for the AA genome of Arachis (Fabaceae). Theor. Appl. Genet.111: 1060-1071.
  28. NARI (2001) Annual Report. 2000.
  29. Nigam, S., Dwivedi S., Gibbons R. (1980) Groundnut breeding at ICRISAT. ICRISAT. 1: 62-68.
  30. Pandey, M.K., Monyo E., Ozias-Akins P., Liang X., Guimarães P., Nigam S.N. et al. (2012) Advances in Arachis genomics for peanut improvement. Biotechnol. Adv.30: 639-651.
  31. Paramasivam, K., Jayasekhar M., Rajasekharan R., Veerabadhiran P. (1990) Inheritance of rust resistance in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Madras Agr. J.77: 50-52.
  32. Park, R.F., and Wellings C.R. (2012) Somatic hybridization in the Uredinales. Ann. Rev. Phytopathol.50: 219-239.
  33. Pasupuleti, J., Nigam S., Pandey M.K., Nagesh P., Varshney R.K. (2013) Groundnut improvement: use of genetic and genomic tools. Front. Plant Sci.4: 23.
  34. Peregrine, W. (1971) Groundnut rust (Puccinia arachidis Speg.) in Brunei. Pest Articles & News Summaries. 17: 318-319.
  35. Pivonia, S., and Yang X. (2006) Relating epidemic progress from a general disease model to seasonal appearance time of rusts in the United States: Implications for soybean rust. Phytopathol. 96: 400-407.
  36. Podile, A.R., and Kishore G.K. (2002) Biological control of peanut diseases. Biological control of crop diseases’.(Ed. SS Gnanamanickam) pp. 131-160.
  37. Proite, K., Leal-Bertioli S.C., Bertioli D.J., Moretzsohn M.C., da Silva F.R., Martins N.F. et al. (2007) ESTs from a wild Arachis species for gene discovery and marker development. BMC Plant Biology. 7: 7.
  38. Rao, A., Donald D., Ramachandra Reddy K. (1997) Effect of temperature on rust and leaf spot disease development in groundnut. J. Oilseeds Res.14: 249-255.
  39. Reddy, Reddy, Anbumozhi (2003) Physiological responses of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) to drought stress and its amelioration: A review. Acta Agron. Hung.51: 205-227.
  40. Savary, S., and Janeau J.-L. (1986) Rain-induced dispersal in Puccinia arachidis, studied by means of a rainfall simulator. Neth. J. Plant Pathol.92: 163-174.
  41. Singh (2004) Growth and physiology of groundnut. Groundnut Res. Ind.1: 178-212.
  42. Singh, Dwivedi S.L., Pande S., Moss J.P. (2003) Registration of rust and late leaf spot resistant peanut germplasm lines. Crop Sci.43: 440.
  43. Singh, A., and Moss J. (1984) Utilisation of wild relatives in the genetic improvement of Arachis hypogaea L. Theor. Appl Genet. 68: 355-364.
  44. Stalker, H. (1997) Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Field Crop. Res.53: 205-217.
  45. Stockdale, F. (1914) Report of work of Division of Phytopathology. Mauritius. Department of Agriculture. Annual Report. 1913: 7-9.
  46. Subrahmanyam, P., Williams J., McDonald D., Gibbons R. (1984) The influence of foliar diseases and their control by selective fungicides on a range of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) genotypes. Ann. Appl. Biol.104: 467-476.
  47. Sujay, V., Gowda M., Pandey M., Bhat R., Khedikar Y., Nadaf H. et al. (2012) Quantitative trait locus analysis and construction of consensus genetic map for foliar disease resistance based on two recombinant inbred line populations in cultivated groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Mol. Breeding. 30: 773-788.
  48. Sunkad, G., and Kulkarni S. (2007) Studies on perpetuation and carry over of groundnut rust (Puccinia arachidis Speg.) in northern Karnataka. Karnataka. J. Agri. Sci.20: 297-300.
  49. Tai, F. (1937) A list of fungi hitherto known from China. Sci. Rep. Tsing-Hua Univ. Ser. B.2: 492.
  50. Tashildar, C., Adiver S., Chattannavar S., Palakshappa M., Kenchanagaudar P., Fakrudin B. (2012) Morphological and isozyme variations in Puccinia arachidis Speg. causing rust of peanut. Karn. J. Agr. Sci.25: 0972-1061.
  51. Tiwari, S., Ghewande M., Misra D. (1984) Inheritance of resistance to rust and late leaf spot in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). J. Cytol. Genet.19: 97-101.
  52. Varma, T., Dwivedi S., Pande S., Gowda M. (2005) SSR markers associated with resistance to rust (Puccinia arachidis Speg.) in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). SABRAO J. Breed. Genet. 37: 107-119.
  53. Varshney, R.K., Pandey M.K., Janila P., Nigam S.N., Sudini H., Gowda M. et al. (2014) Marker-assisted introgression of a QTL region to improve rust resistance in three elite and popular varieties of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Theor. Appl. Genet. 127: 
  54. 1771-1781.
  55. Upadhyaya, H.D., Mukri G., Nadaf H.L., Singh S. (2012) Variability and stability analysis for nutritional traits in the mini core collection of peanut. Crop Sci.52: 168-178.
  56. Wang, H., Penmetsa R.V., Yuan M., Gong L., Zhao Y., Guo B. et al. (2012) Development and characterization of BAC-end sequence derived SSRs, and their incorporation into a new higher density genetic map for cultivated peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). BMC Plant Biol.12: 10.
  57. Wynne, J., Beute M., Nigam S. (1991) Breeding for disease resistance in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Ann. Rev. Phytopathol.29: 279-303.
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    volume 42 issue 3 (june 2019) : 291-299,   Doi: 10.18805/LR-416

    Breeding groundnut for rust resistance: A review

    H
    Happy Daudi
    H
    Hussein Shimelis
    L
    Learnmore Mwadzingeni
    M
    Mark Laing
    P
    Patrick Okori
    1<div style="text-align: justify;">University of KwaZulu-Natal, School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, P/Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa.</div>

    • Submitted13-03-2018|

    • Accepted30-07-2018|

    • First Online 23-08-2018|

    • doi 10.18805/LR-416

    Cite article:- Daudi Happy, Shimelis Hussein, Mwadzingeni Learnmore, Laing Mark, Okori Patrick (2018). Breeding groundnut for rust resistance: A review. Legume Research. 42(3): 291-299. doi: 10.18805/LR-416.

    ABSTRACT

    Sustainable groundnut production can be realised through development and adoption of high yielding cultivars possessing durable rust resistance. Integrating conventional breeding with genomic tools in identifying candidate rust resistance genes, and introgressing the genes into adapted elite germplasm, with the aid of molecular makers, could enhance breeding for rust resistance. This review highlights breeding approaches for groundnut rust resistance, with emphasis on integrating conventional breeding with marker-assisted selection. The life cycle, symptoms and epidemiology of the pathogen are also discussed to understand the host-pathogen interaction and guide groundnut rust resistance breeding.

    REFERENCES

    1. Abate, T., Alene A.D., Bergvinson D., Shiferaw B., Silim S., Orr A. et al. (2012a) Tropical Grain Legumes in Africa and South Asia. Knowledge and Opportunities. TL II Research Report No. 1
    2. Adamu, A., Olorunju P., Ado S., Alabi S. (2008) General and specific combining ability estimates for rosette resistance, early maturity and other agronomic traits in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Int. J. Pure. Appl. Sci. 2: 33-41.
    3. Bertioli, D., Leal-Bertioli S., Lion M., Santos V., Pappas G., Cannon S. et al. (2003) A large scale analysis of resistance gene homologues in Arachis. Mol. Genet. Genom. 270: 34-45.
    4. Bromfiel, K., and Bailey W. (1972) Inheritance of resistance to puccinia-arachidis in peanut. Phytopathol.62: 748-760.
    5. Bulbule, S., and Mayee C. (1997) Influence of weather parameters on the deposition pattern of urediniospores of groundnut rust. Indian J. Mycol. Pl. Path.27: 170-174.
    6. Cook, M. (1980) Host-parasite relations in uredial infections of peanut by Puccinia arachidis. Phytopathol.70: 822-826.
    7. Das, S., Raj S., Sen C. (1999) Temporal and spatial epidemic development of groundnut rust (Puccinia arachidis Speg.) as a function of altered date of sowing. Trop. Agr.76: 45-50.
    8. FAOSTAT (2014) Statistical data on crops, groundnut, area, production quantity of Tanzania, Africa & World,.http://faostat.fao.org.
    9. Ghewande, M. (2009) Rust of Groundnut-An Overview. APH Publishing Corp., New Delhi, pp 326–334.
    10. Gowdu, B.J., Balasubramanian R. (1993) Biocontrol potential of rust of groundnut by Acremonium obclavatum. Can. J. Bot.71: 639-    643.
    11. Gumpert, F.-M., Geiger H., Stähle U. (1987) A mathematical model of the epidemics in homogeneous and heterogeneous host stands. J. Plant Dis. Prot. 94: 206–215 .
    12. Hayman, B. (1958) The separation of epistatic from additive and dominance variation in generation means. Heredity. 12: 371-390.
    13. Joel, A., Sumathi P., Raveendran T. (2006) Genetics of rust (Puccinia arachidis Speg.) and its association with rust related traits in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Plant Arch.6: 553-556.
    14. Jogloy, S., Trisuvanwat W., Wongkaew S., Patanothai A. (1999) Combining ability and heritabilty of rust resistance and agronomic traits in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Thai. J. Agr. Sci.47: 777-780.
    15. Khedikar, Y., Gowda M., Sarvamangala C., Patgar K., Upadhyaya H., Varshney R. (2010) A QTL study on late leaf spot and rust revealed one major QTL for molecular breeding for rust resistance in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Theor. Applied Genet. 121: 971-984.
    16. Khedikar, Y., Gowda M., Sarvamangala C., Patgar K., Upadhyaya H., Varshney R. (2010) A QTL study on late leaf spot and rust revealed one major QTL for molecular breeding for rust resistance in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Theor. Appl. Genet.121: 971-984.
    17. Kishore, B. (1981) Rust inheritance studies in groundnut (Arachls hypogaea L.). Masters Thesis, Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University, India.
    18. Kokalis, Porter D.M., Rodriguez-Kabana R., Smith D., Subrahmanyam P. (1997) Compendium of peanut diseases. Am. Phytopathol.2: 31-333.
    19. Kumari, V., Gowda M., Tasiwal V., Pandey M.K., Bhat R.S., Mallikarjuna N. et al. (2014) Diversification of primary gene pool through introgression of resistance to foliar diseases from synthetic amphidiploids to cultivated groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Crop Journal. 2: 110-119.
    20. Leal-Bertioli, S.C., José A.C.V., Alves-Freitas D.M., Moretzsohn M.C., Guimarães P.M., Nielen S. et al. (2009) Identification of candidate genome regions controlling disease resistance in Arachis. BMC Plant Biol.9: 1-12.
    21. Mace, E., Phong D., Upadhyaya H., Chandra S., Crouch J. (2006) SSR analysis of cultivated groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) germplasm resistant to rust and late leaf spot diseases. Euphytica. 152: 317-330.
    22. Mallaiah, K., and Rao A. (1979) Groundnut rust: factors influencing disease development, sporulation and germination of uredospores. Indian. Phytopathol.32: 382-388.
    23. Mondal, Badigannavar A. (2010) Molecular diversity and association of SSR markers to rust and late leaf spot resistance in cultivated groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Plant Breeding. 129: 68-71.
    24. Mondal, Badigannavar A. (2015) Peanut rust (Puccinia arachidis Speg.) disease: its background and recent accomplishments towards disease resistance breeding. Protoplasma. 252: 1409-1420.
    25. Mondal, Badigannavar A.M., Murty G. (2008) RAPD markers linked to a rust resistance gene in cultivated groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Euphytica. 159: 233-239.
    26. Mondal, Hande P., Badigannavar A.M. (2014) Identification of transposable element markers for a rust (Puccinia arachidis Speg.) resistance gene in cultivated peanut. J. Phytopathol.162: 548-552.
    27. Moretzsohn, M., Leoi L., Proite K., Guimaraes P., Leal-Bertioli S., Gimenes M. et al. (2005) A microsatellite-based, gene-rich linkage map for the AA genome of Arachis (Fabaceae). Theor. Appl. Genet.111: 1060-1071.
    28. NARI (2001) Annual Report. 2000.
    29. Nigam, S., Dwivedi S., Gibbons R. (1980) Groundnut breeding at ICRISAT. ICRISAT. 1: 62-68.
    30. Pandey, M.K., Monyo E., Ozias-Akins P., Liang X., Guimarães P., Nigam S.N. et al. (2012) Advances in Arachis genomics for peanut improvement. Biotechnol. Adv.30: 639-651.
    31. Paramasivam, K., Jayasekhar M., Rajasekharan R., Veerabadhiran P. (1990) Inheritance of rust resistance in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Madras Agr. J.77: 50-52.
    32. Park, R.F., and Wellings C.R. (2012) Somatic hybridization in the Uredinales. Ann. Rev. Phytopathol.50: 219-239.
    33. Pasupuleti, J., Nigam S., Pandey M.K., Nagesh P., Varshney R.K. (2013) Groundnut improvement: use of genetic and genomic tools. Front. Plant Sci.4: 23.
    34. Peregrine, W. (1971) Groundnut rust (Puccinia arachidis Speg.) in Brunei. Pest Articles & News Summaries. 17: 318-319.
    35. Pivonia, S., and Yang X. (2006) Relating epidemic progress from a general disease model to seasonal appearance time of rusts in the United States: Implications for soybean rust. Phytopathol. 96: 400-407.
    36. Podile, A.R., and Kishore G.K. (2002) Biological control of peanut diseases. Biological control of crop diseases’.(Ed. SS Gnanamanickam) pp. 131-160.
    37. Proite, K., Leal-Bertioli S.C., Bertioli D.J., Moretzsohn M.C., da Silva F.R., Martins N.F. et al. (2007) ESTs from a wild Arachis species for gene discovery and marker development. BMC Plant Biology. 7: 7.
    38. Rao, A., Donald D., Ramachandra Reddy K. (1997) Effect of temperature on rust and leaf spot disease development in groundnut. J. Oilseeds Res.14: 249-255.
    39. Reddy, Reddy, Anbumozhi (2003) Physiological responses of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) to drought stress and its amelioration: A review. Acta Agron. Hung.51: 205-227.
    40. Savary, S., and Janeau J.-L. (1986) Rain-induced dispersal in Puccinia arachidis, studied by means of a rainfall simulator. Neth. J. Plant Pathol.92: 163-174.
    41. Singh (2004) Growth and physiology of groundnut. Groundnut Res. Ind.1: 178-212.
    42. Singh, Dwivedi S.L., Pande S., Moss J.P. (2003) Registration of rust and late leaf spot resistant peanut germplasm lines. Crop Sci.43: 440.
    43. Singh, A., and Moss J. (1984) Utilisation of wild relatives in the genetic improvement of Arachis hypogaea L. Theor. Appl Genet. 68: 355-364.
    44. Stalker, H. (1997) Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Field Crop. Res.53: 205-217.
    45. Stockdale, F. (1914) Report of work of Division of Phytopathology. Mauritius. Department of Agriculture. Annual Report. 1913: 7-9.
    46. Subrahmanyam, P., Williams J., McDonald D., Gibbons R. (1984) The influence of foliar diseases and their control by selective fungicides on a range of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) genotypes. Ann. Appl. Biol.104: 467-476.
    47. Sujay, V., Gowda M., Pandey M., Bhat R., Khedikar Y., Nadaf H. et al. (2012) Quantitative trait locus analysis and construction of consensus genetic map for foliar disease resistance based on two recombinant inbred line populations in cultivated groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Mol. Breeding. 30: 773-788.
    48. Sunkad, G., and Kulkarni S. (2007) Studies on perpetuation and carry over of groundnut rust (Puccinia arachidis Speg.) in northern Karnataka. Karnataka. J. Agri. Sci.20: 297-300.
    49. Tai, F. (1937) A list of fungi hitherto known from China. Sci. Rep. Tsing-Hua Univ. Ser. B.2: 492.
    50. Tashildar, C., Adiver S., Chattannavar S., Palakshappa M., Kenchanagaudar P., Fakrudin B. (2012) Morphological and isozyme variations in Puccinia arachidis Speg. causing rust of peanut. Karn. J. Agr. Sci.25: 0972-1061.
    51. Tiwari, S., Ghewande M., Misra D. (1984) Inheritance of resistance to rust and late leaf spot in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). J. Cytol. Genet.19: 97-101.
    52. Varma, T., Dwivedi S., Pande S., Gowda M. (2005) SSR markers associated with resistance to rust (Puccinia arachidis Speg.) in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). SABRAO J. Breed. Genet. 37: 107-119.
    53. Varshney, R.K., Pandey M.K., Janila P., Nigam S.N., Sudini H., Gowda M. et al. (2014) Marker-assisted introgression of a QTL region to improve rust resistance in three elite and popular varieties of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Theor. Appl. Genet. 127: 
    54. 1771-1781.
    55. Upadhyaya, H.D., Mukri G., Nadaf H.L., Singh S. (2012) Variability and stability analysis for nutritional traits in the mini core collection of peanut. Crop Sci.52: 168-178.
    56. Wang, H., Penmetsa R.V., Yuan M., Gong L., Zhao Y., Guo B. et al. (2012) Development and characterization of BAC-end sequence derived SSRs, and their incorporation into a new higher density genetic map for cultivated peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). BMC Plant Biol.12: 10.
    57. Wynne, J., Beute M., Nigam S. (1991) Breeding for disease resistance in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Ann. Rev. Phytopathol.29: 279-303.
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