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Current IssueEditorial BoardOnline First ArticlesArchive

Full Research Article

Morphometric Characteristics, Reproductive and Productive Performance of  Local Goat Population (Surguji) in its Native Tract

V
Vandana Bhagat1,*
D
D. Bhonsle1
M
Monika Sodhi2
R
Ramchandra Ramteke3
D
Deepti Kiran Barwa4
S
Sonali Prusty3
M
Mehtab S. Parmar5
I
Ishmeet Kumar6
N
Nagrendra Kumar7
1Department of Livestock Production Management, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Dau Shri Vasudev Chandrakar Kamdhenu Vishwavidyalaya, Anjora, Durg-491 001, Chhattisgarh, India.
2Division of Animal Biotechnology, ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal-132 001, Haryana, India.
3Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Dau Shri Vasudev Chandrakar Kamdhenu Vishwavidyalaya, Anjora, Durg-491 001, Chhattisgarh, India.
4Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Dau Shri Vasudev Chandrakar Kamdhenu Vishwavidyalaya, Anjora, Durg-491 001, Chhattisgarh, India.
5Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Science and and Animal Husbandry, Dau Shri Vasudev Chandrakar Kamdhenu Vishwavidyalaya, Anjora, Durg-491 001, Chhattisgarh, India.
6Division of Animal Genetics and Breeding, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal-132 001, Haryana, India.
7Krishi Vigyan Kendra Jashpur, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Raipur-492 012, Chhattisgarh, India.

ABSTRACT

Background: This investigation aimed to portray the existing management practices, phenotypic variability, performance traits and distribution of the native goat (Surguji) population of Northern hills of Chhattisgarh. 

Methods: A comprehensive survey involving a sample size of 636 goats across 50 villages of Surajpur, Surguja and Balrampur districts was designed for exploring the morphological traits  and performance potential of Surguji goats. All parameters were recorded following standard breed descriptor format  prescribed by the National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources (NBAGR), Karnal, Haryana.

Result: Surguji goats were medium-sized, light brown and exhibit early puberty and sexual maturity, with favorable meat production characteristics. The average birth weights for male and female goats were 2.64±0.02 and 2.13±0.02 kg and adult body weights averaged 33.10±0.54 and 28.60±0.09 kg, respectively. The study reveals that the males were significantly heavier and taller than female goats. The average ages at first estrus, first mating, first kidding, service period and kidding interval were recorded as 208.15±1.21, 253.87±1.53, 441.99±1.88, 126.87±5.48 and 276.28±0.15 days, respectively. Milk production was reported to be very low, although multiple births were common. The findings indicate the presence of a unique goat population characterized by distinct morphometric, productive and reproductive traits.

INTRODUCTION

The domestic goat is one of the most significant livestock species with economically superior traits, possessing remarkable adaptability and resilience across diverse agroecological zones and farming systems (Venkatesh et al., 2023). Goats are acknowledged as a multipurpose animal and yet an underutilised source of red meat, endowed with traits that make them suitable for sustainable red meat production (Gawat et al., 2023). They are well-suited for small, marginal and large farmers alike, offering continuous year-round income across the country, notably empowering socioeconomically marginalized households (Mallikarjuna et al., 2021). According to the 20th Livestock Census (DADH, 2019), India’s goat population was 148 million, making 26.40% of the total livestock population. India ranks first in overall goat population and goat milk production and second in  meat production. The goat population in Chhattisgarh is approximately 4.06 million, accounting for 27.80% of the state’s total livestock (DADH, 2019). The population has notably increased by 25% since the previous livestock census (DADH 2012), In Chhattisgarh, nearly 80% of the population resides in villages and depends on agriculture and related activities for livelihood (Keshav and Kumar, 2015). The local goats, especially in the Northern hilly zone, are known for their unique qualities such as hardiness, prolific breeding, efficient meat production, disease resistance and low maintenance costs. The Northern hills zone accounts for 15 lakh local goats, making it the second-largest goat population in the state; however, no distinct goat breed has yet been officially registered. Therefore, systematic characterization, documentation and evaluation of productiveand reproductive performance of these goats are necessary. Once all required data is collected and evaluated, the population could be recognised as a distinct breed. Based on these considerations, the present investigation aimed to document the morphometric characteristics and evaluate the production and reproduction efficiency of Surguji goats distributed in the Northern hills of Chhattisgarh. 

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Source of experimental animals
 
The current investigation was carried out during March to June 2022 and October to May 2025 in the Surguja, Surajpur and Balarampur districts of Northern hills of Chhattisgarh to locate their distribution and population status (Fig 1). This region is located between latitude of approximately 23°37' to 25°32' and longitude of 81°34'E to 84°04'E, with temperature ranges from 8.2°C to 39.5°C (agriportal. cg.nic.in) and average rainfall of 1270-1279 mm.

Fig 1: Map depicting breeding track and sampling areas of surguji goats.


 
Sampling strategy and data collection
 
The entire study area was divided into different strata and substrata for data collection. Interviews with goat farmers were conducted to explore their distribution, habitat, feeding practices, breeding methods and overall goat performance. A total of 50 villages from 9 blocks of three districts (3 blocks from each district) were purposively selected based on their distribution, goat population, size and accessibility. Body weights were gathered from 481 females and 155 males, from Surajpur (224 goats), Surguja (210 goats) and Balrampur (221 goats) (Fig 1). To document body weight, goats were classified into six age groups: birth, 3 months, 6 months, 1 year, first kidding and over 2 years and measured in kg using a digital spring balance, while morphometric measurements body length (BL), height at withers (HW), heart girth (CG), tail length (TL), horn length (HL) and ear length (EL) were taken in centimetres with a plastic measuring tape. A structured, pretested questionnaire was used to collect information on production and reproductive performance. Data on reproductive performance for different traits like age at first estrous, age at first mating (253 males), kidding interval, service period, kidding percentage, litter size and lifetime number of kidding were collected in days for bothand female goats (364), while production traits such as daily milk yield, total lactation milk yield, lactation length, fat and SNF percent were assessed based on data collected from 326 adult animals. Traits representing different carcass characteristics, i.e., age at slaughter, weight at slaughter and dressing percentage, were gathered from 96 male goats.
 
Statistical analysis
 
The mean, Standard Deviation and Standard error of each physical measurement were calculated using descriptive statistics. To evaluate the effect of sex and district on body measurements, analysis of variance was carried out by two-way ANOVA using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25.0 programme. The following linear model was employed to assess the data:
 
 Yij = µ + Di + eij
 
Where,
µ = Overall mean.
Di = Effect of ith district.
eij = Random error (0, σ2e).
Yij = Body weigth of jth individual of ith district.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Agroecological distribution and population
       
The present investigation revealed that the breeding tract of local goats (Surguji) is located in the Northern hills of Chhattisgarh state. The highest population density was observed in Surajpur, Surguja and Balrampur districts (Fig 1). The northern hills are part of the Maikal range within the Satpura mountains. These hills spread over 28.47 lakh hectares, accounting for 21% of the state’s total geographical area. The investigated area is home to tribal communities such as Gonds, Korwas, Oraon, Kanwar and Pando, where goats are socio-economic and cultural heritage and primarily reared for meat production. The Satpuda hill ranges cover a significant part of the region, with approximately 58% of the area in the three districts covered by forests. The majority of this population consists of nondescript goats, with only a small percentage representing improved breeds. Balrampur district (0.34 million) had the largest goat population, followed by Surguja district (0.28 million) and Surajpur (0.25 million), collectively totalling approximately 0.87 million goats in the studied area.
 
Management practices
 
The studied population was mainly maintained in an extensive rearing system, with farmers building sheds for goats near or within their dwellings to provide shelter at night. Few farmers house all their animals together in one shed; they use locally available materials such as bamboo, wood and earthen tiles for the construction of their shed. Many kachcha houses were found in the studied area. Most shelters had elevated wooden or bamboo flooring. Extensive rearing was common among local goat farmers, with goats grazing for an average of 6-8 hours daily in natural grasslands, forests and hilly terrains. Natural vegetation was the only source of their nutrition and they often supplemented with concentrates like wheat and maize. All farmers provide water to their goats during grazing, including water washed out of rice, pulses and rice starch,  Due to limited awareness and lower literacy among goat farmers, they generally do not maintain breeding records. Major health issues include diarrhoea, pneumonia, parasitic infestation and bloat. Vaccination and treatment coverage were better in the surveyed area due to the presence of a private artificial insemination worker and an assistant veterinary field officer.
 
Physical appearance
 
Surguji goats were strongly built, medium-sized, compact, primarily light brown coloured indigenous goat, often with a white belly and a distinct black dorsal line along their back side (Fig 2c). It may also have variations such as white or black colouration,  (Fig 2b). It features a black margin on the apical half of the ear and a black ring around the neck, more prominent in adult males (Fig 2a). Surguji goats had horizontal, erect ears and a straight head profile (Fig 2b). They possess small, hairy udders and funnel-shaped teats with pointed ends. These hardy goats were well adapted for grazing and browsing across diverse herds and forages in the hilly terrains of northern Chhattisgarh.

Fig 2a: Surguji male goat with prominent neck ring and dorsal line.



​

Fig 2b: Surguji female goat showing characteristics features (White facial strip, black ear border, white belly and horizontal horn orientation).



​

Fig 2c: Surguji goat herd.


 
Morphometric traits
 
The mean, standard error and number of observations for body weights in male and female goats at different ages from birth to over 2 years are summarized in Table 1. Male kids weighed 2.64±0.02 kg at birth, 9.79±0.44 kg at 3 months, 13.64±0.09 kg at 6 months, 21.92±0.10 kg at 1 year and 33.10±0.54 kg above 2 years, whereas females weighed 2.13±0.02 kg at birth, 7.85±0.05 kg at 3 months, 11.30±0.10 kg at 6 months, 14.11±0.08 kg at 1 year, 17.10±0.08 kg at 1st kidding and 28.60±0.09 kg above 2 years. The study reveals that male goats were significantly heavier than females across all age groups. The body weight of an animal depends on various factors like breed, sex, birth weight, birth type (singles, twins), feeding, nutrition and climatic conditions. Kids born as singletons tend to have a higher body weight than twins or triplets. The mean birth and body weights of Surguji goats were lower than those of local goats from the Central plain region of Chhattisgarh, Bundelkhandi and Bhakharwal goats (Bhuarya et al., 2014; Ahmad et al., 2020; Sharma et al., 2024), but higher than Rohilkhandi (Sharma et al., 2020), Pugari (Alam et al., 2023), Narayanpatna, Malkangiri and Ganjam (Majumder et al., 2023) and Indigenous goats from the Vindhya region (Kumar  et al., 2024). The values for linear measurements such as body length, height at withers, chest girth, ear length, horn length and tail length for males were 63.82±0.99, 66.55±0.51, 75.87±0.52, 15.59±0.18, 13.92±0.24 and 11.36±0.23 cm, respectively and slightly lower corresponding values were recorded for females: 61.50±0.21, 63.61±0.19, 72.44±0.27, 15.66±0.20, 13.13±0.24 and 11.36±0.18 cm. Generally, males tend to be heavier and taller than females due to physiological and hormonal effects. The results were further supported by the finding that the district-wise assessment exhibited a non-significant influence, whereas sex-wise analysis showed a highly significant effect, as females of the same age had linear measurements than male goats. The mean body length showed minimal difference between male and female goats, although height at wither and heart girth were higher in males (Table 1). Other measurements, like ear, horn and tail length, were comparable. Statistical analysis of variance revealed a highly significant influence of sex and a non-significant effect of district on various morphometric measurements (Table 1). Tantia et al. (2018); Alam et al., (2023); Sharma et al., (2024)  and Kumar et al., (2024) reported higher values for body measurements across all age groups in Bidri, Pugari, Bhakharwal and local goats of Vindhya region. Majumder et al., (2023) reported higher mean estimates for body length (BL), height at wither (HAW) and lower estimates for heart girth (HG) in Narayanpatna and Malkangiri goats. Conversely, Kashmiri,  Kotdhar and Raighar goats showed lower estimates for all measurements (Rather et al., 2025; Dinesh et al., 2024; Venkatesh et al., 2025).

Table 1: The mean (±SE) body weight (Kg) at different age groups, morphometric measurements (cm), analysis of variance and t-test values of surguji goats.


 
Reproduction traits
 
The production performance for Surguji goats is presented in Table 2 and Fig 3. The estimated age at first mating in males was 208.14±2.69 days, indicating early maturity. The ages at first oestrous, first mating and first kidding were 208.15±1.21, 253.87±1.53 and 445.66±3.60 days, respectively (Fig 3), reflecting early maturity within 12-15 months, which is typical for indigenous goats in India. The study reveals that male and female Surguji goats reach first mating age around 7 and 8.5 months, respectively. This indicates these goats were good breeders and attained early sexual maturity, which is a desirable trait for meat-type goats. Higher estimates for age at first mating have been reported in Malabar, Jamunapari, Palamu and localgoats goats of Vindhya region (Verma et al., 2009; Hassan et al., 2010; Sharma et al., 2024; Kumar et al., 2024). In contrast, Bhuarya  et al. (2014) in local goats of Chhattisgarh plains and Sunder et al. (2018) in Andaman local goats reported lower estimates than the current findings. Surguji goats exhibit first heat symptoms and age at 1st mating were within a range of 175-270 days and 210-310 days and typically give birth to their first kid at around 15 months, reflecting their early puberty and sexual maturity, then many other goat breeds but later than local goats from Central plain region of Chhattisgarh (Bhuarya et al., 2014) and Andaman local goats (Sunder et al., 2018). This aligns closely with the findings of Kumar et al. (2024), who reported similar ages at first mating in indigenous goats from the Vindhya region. In contrast, goats from Assam hill, Narayanpatna, Malkangiri and Zokel breeds show a higher age at first kidding (Das et al., 2021; Majumder et al., 2023; Lalhruaipuii et al., 2025).

Table 2: Reproduction performance of surguji goats.



​

Fig 3: Reproductive parameters of local female goats of Northern hills of Chhattisgarh.


       
Other reproductive parameters included a heat period averaging 38.32±0.02 hours, a service period of 126.87±5.48 days and a kidding interval of 276.28±0.15 days (Table 2). The service period and kidding interval were longer in indigenous goats (Kumar et al., 2024) but shorter in Zokel goats (Lalhruaipuii et al., 2025). The majority of Surguji goats gave birth to a single kid, but twinning and triplet births were also observed, indicating their potential for prolificacy. Twin and triplet births had been reported in Palamu and Rohilkhandi goats (Singh et al., 2009; Sharma et al., 2020), while triplets were common alongside twins in Black Bengal goats (Kumari et al., 2015). Statistical analysis was found to be non-significant, indicating that the studied goat population was almost similar across the districts for respective parameters. On average, these goats produced 7 to 10 kids over their reproductive lives, with a litter size of 1.49.
 
Production performance of surguji goats
 
The average lactation milk yield was 17.04±2.15 kg, with a daily yield of 252.72±3.99 ml over an average lactation period of 95.37±0.37 days. The average fat percentage and solids-not-fat (SNF) percentage were 4.02±0.05% and 8.92±0.06%, respectively (Table 3). The average daily milk production of Surguji goat was higher than Palamu, Indigenous goats of Vindhya region and Zokel goats (Sharma et al., 2020; Kumar et al., 2024; Lalhruaipuii et al., 2025), whereas the total milk production of Surguji goats is lower than local goats from the Central plain region of Chhattisgarh (Bhuarya et al., 2014), Palamu goats (Sharma et al., 2020), which might be due to shorter lactation length (112 days). The longer lactation length and higher fat and SNF percentages were documented in Zokel goats (Lalhruaipuii et al., 2025). In contrast, shorter lactation lengths were observed in Black Bengal and Palamu goats (Sharma et al., 2020).

Table 3: Production performance of surguji goats.


 
Carcase  characteristics of Surguji goats
 
The carcass characteristics are detailed in Table 4. Surguji goats from  northern hills are primarily raised for meat. The average age at slaughter was 10.34±0.65 months, with a slaughter weight of 18.30±0.64 kg, which was lower than Changthangi goats (Ganai et al., 2011). The mean carcass weight was 9.49±0.35 kg and the dressing percentage was 50.92±0.31%, which was comparable to Palamu goats (Singh et al., 2009) and higher than local goats of Vindhya region (Kumar et al., 2024). Despite their relatively smaller body size, Surguji goats exhibit favourable meat production characteristics.

Table 4: Carcase characteristics of surguji goats.

CONCLUSION

The study, concludes that the Surguji goats from the Northern hills of Chhattisgarh are medium-sized, possessing unique phenotypic traits mainly reared by local  tribal farmers of Chhattisgarh. Male goats shows markedly higher biometric measurements than females, the  population matures early , produces low milk only for kids  and considerable potential for meat production in their breeding tract. The finding highlights the need for the implementation of genetic improvement strategies to enhance production and reproductive efficiency.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The authors would like to acknowledge the Director, National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources (NBAGR), Karnal, Haryana, for providing facilities to research, Dean, College of Veterinary Science and A. H., Anjora, Durg and the farmers of Surguja, Surajpur and Balrampur districts of Northern hills of Chhattisgarh for their cooperation.
 
Disclaimers
 
All the finding, opinions, startement and conclusions interprets in this manuscript are solely those of the authors and reflect the views of their institutions. The authors are responsible for the accuracy of the provided information and the authors disclaim any liability for losses resulting from its use.  

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this manuscript.

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    Full Research Article

    Morphometric Characteristics, Reproductive and Productive Performance of  Local Goat Population (Surguji) in its Native Tract

    V
    Vandana Bhagat1,*
    D
    D. Bhonsle1
    M
    Monika Sodhi2
    R
    Ramchandra Ramteke3
    D
    Deepti Kiran Barwa4
    S
    Sonali Prusty3
    M
    Mehtab S. Parmar5
    I
    Ishmeet Kumar6
    N
    Nagrendra Kumar7
    1Department of Livestock Production Management, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Dau Shri Vasudev Chandrakar Kamdhenu Vishwavidyalaya, Anjora, Durg-491 001, Chhattisgarh, India.
    2Division of Animal Biotechnology, ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal-132 001, Haryana, India.
    3Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Dau Shri Vasudev Chandrakar Kamdhenu Vishwavidyalaya, Anjora, Durg-491 001, Chhattisgarh, India.
    4Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Dau Shri Vasudev Chandrakar Kamdhenu Vishwavidyalaya, Anjora, Durg-491 001, Chhattisgarh, India.
    5Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Science and and Animal Husbandry, Dau Shri Vasudev Chandrakar Kamdhenu Vishwavidyalaya, Anjora, Durg-491 001, Chhattisgarh, India.
    6Division of Animal Genetics and Breeding, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal-132 001, Haryana, India.
    7Krishi Vigyan Kendra Jashpur, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Raipur-492 012, Chhattisgarh, India.

    ABSTRACT

    Background: This investigation aimed to portray the existing management practices, phenotypic variability, performance traits and distribution of the native goat (Surguji) population of Northern hills of Chhattisgarh. 

    Methods: A comprehensive survey involving a sample size of 636 goats across 50 villages of Surajpur, Surguja and Balrampur districts was designed for exploring the morphological traits  and performance potential of Surguji goats. All parameters were recorded following standard breed descriptor format  prescribed by the National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources (NBAGR), Karnal, Haryana.

    Result: Surguji goats were medium-sized, light brown and exhibit early puberty and sexual maturity, with favorable meat production characteristics. The average birth weights for male and female goats were 2.64±0.02 and 2.13±0.02 kg and adult body weights averaged 33.10±0.54 and 28.60±0.09 kg, respectively. The study reveals that the males were significantly heavier and taller than female goats. The average ages at first estrus, first mating, first kidding, service period and kidding interval were recorded as 208.15±1.21, 253.87±1.53, 441.99±1.88, 126.87±5.48 and 276.28±0.15 days, respectively. Milk production was reported to be very low, although multiple births were common. The findings indicate the presence of a unique goat population characterized by distinct morphometric, productive and reproductive traits.

    INTRODUCTION

    The domestic goat is one of the most significant livestock species with economically superior traits, possessing remarkable adaptability and resilience across diverse agroecological zones and farming systems (Venkatesh et al., 2023). Goats are acknowledged as a multipurpose animal and yet an underutilised source of red meat, endowed with traits that make them suitable for sustainable red meat production (Gawat et al., 2023). They are well-suited for small, marginal and large farmers alike, offering continuous year-round income across the country, notably empowering socioeconomically marginalized households (Mallikarjuna et al., 2021). According to the 20th Livestock Census (DADH, 2019), India’s goat population was 148 million, making 26.40% of the total livestock population. India ranks first in overall goat population and goat milk production and second in  meat production. The goat population in Chhattisgarh is approximately 4.06 million, accounting for 27.80% of the state’s total livestock (DADH, 2019). The population has notably increased by 25% since the previous livestock census (DADH 2012), In Chhattisgarh, nearly 80% of the population resides in villages and depends on agriculture and related activities for livelihood (Keshav and Kumar, 2015). The local goats, especially in the Northern hilly zone, are known for their unique qualities such as hardiness, prolific breeding, efficient meat production, disease resistance and low maintenance costs. The Northern hills zone accounts for 15 lakh local goats, making it the second-largest goat population in the state; however, no distinct goat breed has yet been officially registered. Therefore, systematic characterization, documentation and evaluation of productiveand reproductive performance of these goats are necessary. Once all required data is collected and evaluated, the population could be recognised as a distinct breed. Based on these considerations, the present investigation aimed to document the morphometric characteristics and evaluate the production and reproduction efficiency of Surguji goats distributed in the Northern hills of Chhattisgarh. 

    MATERIALS AND METHODS

    Source of experimental animals
     
    The current investigation was carried out during March to June 2022 and October to May 2025 in the Surguja, Surajpur and Balarampur districts of Northern hills of Chhattisgarh to locate their distribution and population status (Fig 1). This region is located between latitude of approximately 23°37' to 25°32' and longitude of 81°34'E to 84°04'E, with temperature ranges from 8.2°C to 39.5°C (agriportal. cg.nic.in) and average rainfall of 1270-1279 mm.

    Fig 1: Map depicting breeding track and sampling areas of surguji goats.


     
    Sampling strategy and data collection
     
    The entire study area was divided into different strata and substrata for data collection. Interviews with goat farmers were conducted to explore their distribution, habitat, feeding practices, breeding methods and overall goat performance. A total of 50 villages from 9 blocks of three districts (3 blocks from each district) were purposively selected based on their distribution, goat population, size and accessibility. Body weights were gathered from 481 females and 155 males, from Surajpur (224 goats), Surguja (210 goats) and Balrampur (221 goats) (Fig 1). To document body weight, goats were classified into six age groups: birth, 3 months, 6 months, 1 year, first kidding and over 2 years and measured in kg using a digital spring balance, while morphometric measurements body length (BL), height at withers (HW), heart girth (CG), tail length (TL), horn length (HL) and ear length (EL) were taken in centimetres with a plastic measuring tape. A structured, pretested questionnaire was used to collect information on production and reproductive performance. Data on reproductive performance for different traits like age at first estrous, age at first mating (253 males), kidding interval, service period, kidding percentage, litter size and lifetime number of kidding were collected in days for bothand female goats (364), while production traits such as daily milk yield, total lactation milk yield, lactation length, fat and SNF percent were assessed based on data collected from 326 adult animals. Traits representing different carcass characteristics, i.e., age at slaughter, weight at slaughter and dressing percentage, were gathered from 96 male goats.
     
    Statistical analysis
     
    The mean, Standard Deviation and Standard error of each physical measurement were calculated using descriptive statistics. To evaluate the effect of sex and district on body measurements, analysis of variance was carried out by two-way ANOVA using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25.0 programme. The following linear model was employed to assess the data:
     
     Yij = µ + Di + eij
     
    Where,
    µ = Overall mean.
    Di = Effect of ith district.
    eij = Random error (0, σ2e).
    Yij = Body weigth of jth individual of ith district.

    RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

    Agroecological distribution and population
           
    The present investigation revealed that the breeding tract of local goats (Surguji) is located in the Northern hills of Chhattisgarh state. The highest population density was observed in Surajpur, Surguja and Balrampur districts (Fig 1). The northern hills are part of the Maikal range within the Satpura mountains. These hills spread over 28.47 lakh hectares, accounting for 21% of the state’s total geographical area. The investigated area is home to tribal communities such as Gonds, Korwas, Oraon, Kanwar and Pando, where goats are socio-economic and cultural heritage and primarily reared for meat production. The Satpuda hill ranges cover a significant part of the region, with approximately 58% of the area in the three districts covered by forests. The majority of this population consists of nondescript goats, with only a small percentage representing improved breeds. Balrampur district (0.34 million) had the largest goat population, followed by Surguja district (0.28 million) and Surajpur (0.25 million), collectively totalling approximately 0.87 million goats in the studied area.
     
    Management practices
     
    The studied population was mainly maintained in an extensive rearing system, with farmers building sheds for goats near or within their dwellings to provide shelter at night. Few farmers house all their animals together in one shed; they use locally available materials such as bamboo, wood and earthen tiles for the construction of their shed. Many kachcha houses were found in the studied area. Most shelters had elevated wooden or bamboo flooring. Extensive rearing was common among local goat farmers, with goats grazing for an average of 6-8 hours daily in natural grasslands, forests and hilly terrains. Natural vegetation was the only source of their nutrition and they often supplemented with concentrates like wheat and maize. All farmers provide water to their goats during grazing, including water washed out of rice, pulses and rice starch,  Due to limited awareness and lower literacy among goat farmers, they generally do not maintain breeding records. Major health issues include diarrhoea, pneumonia, parasitic infestation and bloat. Vaccination and treatment coverage were better in the surveyed area due to the presence of a private artificial insemination worker and an assistant veterinary field officer.
     
    Physical appearance
     
    Surguji goats were strongly built, medium-sized, compact, primarily light brown coloured indigenous goat, often with a white belly and a distinct black dorsal line along their back side (Fig 2c). It may also have variations such as white or black colouration,  (Fig 2b). It features a black margin on the apical half of the ear and a black ring around the neck, more prominent in adult males (Fig 2a). Surguji goats had horizontal, erect ears and a straight head profile (Fig 2b). They possess small, hairy udders and funnel-shaped teats with pointed ends. These hardy goats were well adapted for grazing and browsing across diverse herds and forages in the hilly terrains of northern Chhattisgarh.

    Fig 2a: Surguji male goat with prominent neck ring and dorsal line.



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    Fig 2b: Surguji female goat showing characteristics features (White facial strip, black ear border, white belly and horizontal horn orientation).



    ​

    Fig 2c: Surguji goat herd.


     
    Morphometric traits
     
    The mean, standard error and number of observations for body weights in male and female goats at different ages from birth to over 2 years are summarized in Table 1. Male kids weighed 2.64±0.02 kg at birth, 9.79±0.44 kg at 3 months, 13.64±0.09 kg at 6 months, 21.92±0.10 kg at 1 year and 33.10±0.54 kg above 2 years, whereas females weighed 2.13±0.02 kg at birth, 7.85±0.05 kg at 3 months, 11.30±0.10 kg at 6 months, 14.11±0.08 kg at 1 year, 17.10±0.08 kg at 1st kidding and 28.60±0.09 kg above 2 years. The study reveals that male goats were significantly heavier than females across all age groups. The body weight of an animal depends on various factors like breed, sex, birth weight, birth type (singles, twins), feeding, nutrition and climatic conditions. Kids born as singletons tend to have a higher body weight than twins or triplets. The mean birth and body weights of Surguji goats were lower than those of local goats from the Central plain region of Chhattisgarh, Bundelkhandi and Bhakharwal goats (Bhuarya et al., 2014; Ahmad et al., 2020; Sharma et al., 2024), but higher than Rohilkhandi (Sharma et al., 2020), Pugari (Alam et al., 2023), Narayanpatna, Malkangiri and Ganjam (Majumder et al., 2023) and Indigenous goats from the Vindhya region (Kumar  et al., 2024). The values for linear measurements such as body length, height at withers, chest girth, ear length, horn length and tail length for males were 63.82±0.99, 66.55±0.51, 75.87±0.52, 15.59±0.18, 13.92±0.24 and 11.36±0.23 cm, respectively and slightly lower corresponding values were recorded for females: 61.50±0.21, 63.61±0.19, 72.44±0.27, 15.66±0.20, 13.13±0.24 and 11.36±0.18 cm. Generally, males tend to be heavier and taller than females due to physiological and hormonal effects. The results were further supported by the finding that the district-wise assessment exhibited a non-significant influence, whereas sex-wise analysis showed a highly significant effect, as females of the same age had linear measurements than male goats. The mean body length showed minimal difference between male and female goats, although height at wither and heart girth were higher in males (Table 1). Other measurements, like ear, horn and tail length, were comparable. Statistical analysis of variance revealed a highly significant influence of sex and a non-significant effect of district on various morphometric measurements (Table 1). Tantia et al. (2018); Alam et al., (2023); Sharma et al., (2024)  and Kumar et al., (2024) reported higher values for body measurements across all age groups in Bidri, Pugari, Bhakharwal and local goats of Vindhya region. Majumder et al., (2023) reported higher mean estimates for body length (BL), height at wither (HAW) and lower estimates for heart girth (HG) in Narayanpatna and Malkangiri goats. Conversely, Kashmiri,  Kotdhar and Raighar goats showed lower estimates for all measurements (Rather et al., 2025; Dinesh et al., 2024; Venkatesh et al., 2025).

    Table 1: The mean (±SE) body weight (Kg) at different age groups, morphometric measurements (cm), analysis of variance and t-test values of surguji goats.


     
    Reproduction traits
     
    The production performance for Surguji goats is presented in Table 2 and Fig 3. The estimated age at first mating in males was 208.14±2.69 days, indicating early maturity. The ages at first oestrous, first mating and first kidding were 208.15±1.21, 253.87±1.53 and 445.66±3.60 days, respectively (Fig 3), reflecting early maturity within 12-15 months, which is typical for indigenous goats in India. The study reveals that male and female Surguji goats reach first mating age around 7 and 8.5 months, respectively. This indicates these goats were good breeders and attained early sexual maturity, which is a desirable trait for meat-type goats. Higher estimates for age at first mating have been reported in Malabar, Jamunapari, Palamu and localgoats goats of Vindhya region (Verma et al., 2009; Hassan et al., 2010; Sharma et al., 2024; Kumar et al., 2024). In contrast, Bhuarya  et al. (2014) in local goats of Chhattisgarh plains and Sunder et al. (2018) in Andaman local goats reported lower estimates than the current findings. Surguji goats exhibit first heat symptoms and age at 1st mating were within a range of 175-270 days and 210-310 days and typically give birth to their first kid at around 15 months, reflecting their early puberty and sexual maturity, then many other goat breeds but later than local goats from Central plain region of Chhattisgarh (Bhuarya et al., 2014) and Andaman local goats (Sunder et al., 2018). This aligns closely with the findings of Kumar et al. (2024), who reported similar ages at first mating in indigenous goats from the Vindhya region. In contrast, goats from Assam hill, Narayanpatna, Malkangiri and Zokel breeds show a higher age at first kidding (Das et al., 2021; Majumder et al., 2023; Lalhruaipuii et al., 2025).

    Table 2: Reproduction performance of surguji goats.



    ​

    Fig 3: Reproductive parameters of local female goats of Northern hills of Chhattisgarh.


           
    Other reproductive parameters included a heat period averaging 38.32±0.02 hours, a service period of 126.87±5.48 days and a kidding interval of 276.28±0.15 days (Table 2). The service period and kidding interval were longer in indigenous goats (Kumar et al., 2024) but shorter in Zokel goats (Lalhruaipuii et al., 2025). The majority of Surguji goats gave birth to a single kid, but twinning and triplet births were also observed, indicating their potential for prolificacy. Twin and triplet births had been reported in Palamu and Rohilkhandi goats (Singh et al., 2009; Sharma et al., 2020), while triplets were common alongside twins in Black Bengal goats (Kumari et al., 2015). Statistical analysis was found to be non-significant, indicating that the studied goat population was almost similar across the districts for respective parameters. On average, these goats produced 7 to 10 kids over their reproductive lives, with a litter size of 1.49.
     
    Production performance of surguji goats
     
    The average lactation milk yield was 17.04±2.15 kg, with a daily yield of 252.72±3.99 ml over an average lactation period of 95.37±0.37 days. The average fat percentage and solids-not-fat (SNF) percentage were 4.02±0.05% and 8.92±0.06%, respectively (Table 3). The average daily milk production of Surguji goat was higher than Palamu, Indigenous goats of Vindhya region and Zokel goats (Sharma et al., 2020; Kumar et al., 2024; Lalhruaipuii et al., 2025), whereas the total milk production of Surguji goats is lower than local goats from the Central plain region of Chhattisgarh (Bhuarya et al., 2014), Palamu goats (Sharma et al., 2020), which might be due to shorter lactation length (112 days). The longer lactation length and higher fat and SNF percentages were documented in Zokel goats (Lalhruaipuii et al., 2025). In contrast, shorter lactation lengths were observed in Black Bengal and Palamu goats (Sharma et al., 2020).

    Table 3: Production performance of surguji goats.


     
    Carcase  characteristics of Surguji goats
     
    The carcass characteristics are detailed in Table 4. Surguji goats from  northern hills are primarily raised for meat. The average age at slaughter was 10.34±0.65 months, with a slaughter weight of 18.30±0.64 kg, which was lower than Changthangi goats (Ganai et al., 2011). The mean carcass weight was 9.49±0.35 kg and the dressing percentage was 50.92±0.31%, which was comparable to Palamu goats (Singh et al., 2009) and higher than local goats of Vindhya region (Kumar et al., 2024). Despite their relatively smaller body size, Surguji goats exhibit favourable meat production characteristics.

    Table 4: Carcase characteristics of surguji goats.

    CONCLUSION

    The study, concludes that the Surguji goats from the Northern hills of Chhattisgarh are medium-sized, possessing unique phenotypic traits mainly reared by local  tribal farmers of Chhattisgarh. Male goats shows markedly higher biometric measurements than females, the  population matures early , produces low milk only for kids  and considerable potential for meat production in their breeding tract. The finding highlights the need for the implementation of genetic improvement strategies to enhance production and reproductive efficiency.

    ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

    The authors would like to acknowledge the Director, National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources (NBAGR), Karnal, Haryana, for providing facilities to research, Dean, College of Veterinary Science and A. H., Anjora, Durg and the farmers of Surguja, Surajpur and Balrampur districts of Northern hills of Chhattisgarh for their cooperation.
     
    Disclaimers
     
    All the finding, opinions, startement and conclusions interprets in this manuscript are solely those of the authors and reflect the views of their institutions. The authors are responsible for the accuracy of the provided information and the authors disclaim any liability for losses resulting from its use.  

    CONFLICT OF INTEREST

    The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this manuscript.

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