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EVALUATION OF PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL RESPONSES OF RICE (Oryza sativa L.) VARIETIES TO SALT STRESS

K
K.H. Dhanyalakshmi
C
C. Vijayalakshmi
P
P. Boominathan*
1Department of Crop Physiology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore-641 003, India

  • Submitted|

  • First Online |

  • doi

Cite article:- Dhanyalakshmi K.H., Vijayalakshmi C., Boominathan* P. (2026). EVALUATION OF PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL RESPONSES OF RICE (Oryza sativa L.) VARIETIES TO SALT STRESS . Indian Journal of Agricultural Research. 47(2): 91-99. doi: .

ABSTRACT

A hydroponics study for salt tolerance was conducted in ten rice varieties, differing in salt tolerance viz., TRY 1, TRY(R)2, TRY 3 (TNAU, Coimbatore), CSR 13, CSR 27, CSR 30, CSR 36 (CSSRI, Karnal), Ezhome-1 and Ezhome-2 (KAU, Trissur) and IR 29 at seedling stage. The influence of NaCl at 0, 60 and 120 mM concentrations on seedling dry weight, shoot length, photosynthetic rate, superoxide dismutase activity, ascorbate peroxidase activity, malondialdehyde concentration and Na+/K+ ratio was investigated. Increasing salt levels reduced the photosynthetic rate, dry weight and shoot length substantially in rice varieties with greater reduction in the sensitive variety IR 29. The activities of SOD and APX were enhanced in tolerant varieties which contributed to lower lipid peroxidation. The results indicate that a low Na+/K+ ratio along with increased activity of antioxidant enzymes and lower lipid peroxidation may contribute to the NaCl tolerance mechanism in rice varieties.

REFERENCES

  1. Beauchamp, C and Fridovich. I. (1971). Superoxide dismutase: improved assays and an assay applicable to acrylamide gels. Anal. Biochem., 44: 276 - 287.
  2. Cortina C and Culiáñez-Macià. F. A. (2005) Tomato abiotic stress enhanced tolerance by trehalose biosynthesis. Plant Sci., 169: 75 - 82.
  3. Francois, L. E and Maas. E. V. (1994). Crop response and management on salt affected soils. In:, Handbook of Plant and Crop Stress M. Pessarakli (ed.). Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, USA, pp.149 - 181.
  4. Gregorio, G. B., Senadhira D. and Mendoza R. D.. (1997). Screening rice for salinity tolerance. IRRI Discussion Paper Series no. 22. Manila (Philippines): International Rice Research Institute. pp. 1-30.
  5. Hernandez, J. A., Jimenez. A., Mullineaux P. and Sevilla. F. (2000). Tolerance of pea (Pisum sativum L.) to long-term salt stress is associated with induction of antioxidant defences. Plant Cell Environ., 23: 853 – 862.
  6. Jackson, M. L. (1967). Soil Chemical Analysis. Prentice Hall India Pvt. Ltd. p.498.
  7. Kato, T and Takeda. K. (1996). Associations among characters related to yield sink capacity in spaced-planted rice. Crop Sci., 36: 1135 - 1139.
  8. Kronzucker, H. J., Szcerba. M. W., Schulze L. M. and Britto D. T. (2008). Non-reciprocal interactions between K and Na ions in barley (Hordeum vugare L.). J. Exp. Bot., 59: 1 - 9.
  9. Kumar, V., Shriram., Varsha., T. D. Nikam., Jawali., Narendra and Mahadeo. G. S. (2009). Antioxidant enzyme activities and protein profiling under salt stress in indica rice genotypes differing in salt tolerance. Arch. Agron. Soil Sci., 55: 379 - 394.
  10. Lee, K. S., Chol. W. Y., Ko. J. C., Kim T. S. and Gregorio G. B. (2003). Salinity tolerance of japonica and indica rice (Oryza sativa L.) at the seedling stage. Planta. 216: 1043 – 1046.
  11. Mandhania, S., Madan S. and Sawhney V. (2006). Antioxidant defense mechanism under salt stress in wheat seedlings. Biol Plant., 227: 227 - 231.
  12. Mittova, V., Guy. M., Tal M. and Volokita M. (2004). Salinity upregulates the antioxidative system in root mitochondria and peroxisomes of the wild salt-tolerant tomato species (Lycopersicon pennellii). J. Exp. Bot., 55: 1105 - 1113.
  13. Moradi, F and Ismail A. M. (2007). Responses of photosynthesis, chlorophyll fluorescence and ROS-scavenging systems to salt stress during seedling and reproductive stages in rice. Ann. Bot., 99: 1161 - 1173
  14. Nakano, Y and Asada, K. (1981). Hydrogen peroxide is scavenged by ascorbate-specific peroxidase in spinach chloroplasts. Plant Cell Physiol., 22: 867 - 880.
  15. Nguyen, H. T. T., Shim. I. S., Kobayashi K. and Usui K. (2005). Effects of salt stress on ion accumulation and antioxidative enzyme activities of Oryza sativa L. and Echinochloa oryzicola Vasing. Weed Biol. Manage., 5:1 - 7.
  16. Noble, C. L and Rogers M. E., (1992). Arguments for the use of physiological criteria for improving the salt tolerance in crops. Plant Physiol. 146 : 99 - 107.
  17. Pattanagul, W and Thitisaksakul M. (2008). Effect of salinity stress on growth and carbohydrate metabolism in three rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars differing in salinity tolerance. India. J. Exp. Biol., 46: 736 - 742.
  18. Quiles, M. J and López N. I. (2004). Photoinhibition of photosystems I and II induced by exposure to high light intensity during oat plant grown effects on the chloroplastic NADH dehydrogenase complex. Plant Sci., 166: 815 - 823
  19. Ren, Z. H., Gao. J. P., Li. L. G., Cai. X. L., Huang. W., Chao. D. Y., Zhu. M. Z., Wang. Z. Y., Luan S. and Lin H. X. (2005). A rice quantitative trait locus for salt tolerance encodes a sodium transporter. Nat. Genet., 37: 1141 – 1146.
  20. Sairam, R. K and Srivastava G. C. (2002). Changes in antioxidant activity in sub-cellular fractions of tolerant and susceptible wheat genotypes in response to long term salt stress. Plant Sci., 162: 897 - 904.
  21. Shalata, A and Tal M. (2001). The effect of salt stress on lipid peroxidation and antioxidants in the leaf of the cultivated tomato and its wild salt-tolerant relative Lycopersicon pennellii. Physiol. Plant., 104: 169 - 174.
  22. Stewart, R. R. C and Bewley J. D. (1980). Lipid peroxidation associated aging of soybean axes. Plant Physiol., 65: 245 - 248.
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    EVALUATION OF PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL RESPONSES OF RICE (Oryza sativa L.) VARIETIES TO SALT STRESS

    K
    K.H. Dhanyalakshmi
    C
    C. Vijayalakshmi
    P
    P. Boominathan*
    1Department of Crop Physiology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore-641 003, India

    • Submitted|

    • First Online |

    • doi

    Cite article:- Dhanyalakshmi K.H., Vijayalakshmi C., Boominathan* P. (2026). EVALUATION OF PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL RESPONSES OF RICE (Oryza sativa L.) VARIETIES TO SALT STRESS . Indian Journal of Agricultural Research. 47(2): 91-99. doi: .

    ABSTRACT

    A hydroponics study for salt tolerance was conducted in ten rice varieties, differing in salt tolerance viz., TRY 1, TRY(R)2, TRY 3 (TNAU, Coimbatore), CSR 13, CSR 27, CSR 30, CSR 36 (CSSRI, Karnal), Ezhome-1 and Ezhome-2 (KAU, Trissur) and IR 29 at seedling stage. The influence of NaCl at 0, 60 and 120 mM concentrations on seedling dry weight, shoot length, photosynthetic rate, superoxide dismutase activity, ascorbate peroxidase activity, malondialdehyde concentration and Na+/K+ ratio was investigated. Increasing salt levels reduced the photosynthetic rate, dry weight and shoot length substantially in rice varieties with greater reduction in the sensitive variety IR 29. The activities of SOD and APX were enhanced in tolerant varieties which contributed to lower lipid peroxidation. The results indicate that a low Na+/K+ ratio along with increased activity of antioxidant enzymes and lower lipid peroxidation may contribute to the NaCl tolerance mechanism in rice varieties.

    REFERENCES

    1. Beauchamp, C and Fridovich. I. (1971). Superoxide dismutase: improved assays and an assay applicable to acrylamide gels. Anal. Biochem., 44: 276 - 287.
    2. Cortina C and Culiáñez-Macià. F. A. (2005) Tomato abiotic stress enhanced tolerance by trehalose biosynthesis. Plant Sci., 169: 75 - 82.
    3. Francois, L. E and Maas. E. V. (1994). Crop response and management on salt affected soils. In:, Handbook of Plant and Crop Stress M. Pessarakli (ed.). Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, USA, pp.149 - 181.
    4. Gregorio, G. B., Senadhira D. and Mendoza R. D.. (1997). Screening rice for salinity tolerance. IRRI Discussion Paper Series no. 22. Manila (Philippines): International Rice Research Institute. pp. 1-30.
    5. Hernandez, J. A., Jimenez. A., Mullineaux P. and Sevilla. F. (2000). Tolerance of pea (Pisum sativum L.) to long-term salt stress is associated with induction of antioxidant defences. Plant Cell Environ., 23: 853 – 862.
    6. Jackson, M. L. (1967). Soil Chemical Analysis. Prentice Hall India Pvt. Ltd. p.498.
    7. Kato, T and Takeda. K. (1996). Associations among characters related to yield sink capacity in spaced-planted rice. Crop Sci., 36: 1135 - 1139.
    8. Kronzucker, H. J., Szcerba. M. W., Schulze L. M. and Britto D. T. (2008). Non-reciprocal interactions between K and Na ions in barley (Hordeum vugare L.). J. Exp. Bot., 59: 1 - 9.
    9. Kumar, V., Shriram., Varsha., T. D. Nikam., Jawali., Narendra and Mahadeo. G. S. (2009). Antioxidant enzyme activities and protein profiling under salt stress in indica rice genotypes differing in salt tolerance. Arch. Agron. Soil Sci., 55: 379 - 394.
    10. Lee, K. S., Chol. W. Y., Ko. J. C., Kim T. S. and Gregorio G. B. (2003). Salinity tolerance of japonica and indica rice (Oryza sativa L.) at the seedling stage. Planta. 216: 1043 – 1046.
    11. Mandhania, S., Madan S. and Sawhney V. (2006). Antioxidant defense mechanism under salt stress in wheat seedlings. Biol Plant., 227: 227 - 231.
    12. Mittova, V., Guy. M., Tal M. and Volokita M. (2004). Salinity upregulates the antioxidative system in root mitochondria and peroxisomes of the wild salt-tolerant tomato species (Lycopersicon pennellii). J. Exp. Bot., 55: 1105 - 1113.
    13. Moradi, F and Ismail A. M. (2007). Responses of photosynthesis, chlorophyll fluorescence and ROS-scavenging systems to salt stress during seedling and reproductive stages in rice. Ann. Bot., 99: 1161 - 1173
    14. Nakano, Y and Asada, K. (1981). Hydrogen peroxide is scavenged by ascorbate-specific peroxidase in spinach chloroplasts. Plant Cell Physiol., 22: 867 - 880.
    15. Nguyen, H. T. T., Shim. I. S., Kobayashi K. and Usui K. (2005). Effects of salt stress on ion accumulation and antioxidative enzyme activities of Oryza sativa L. and Echinochloa oryzicola Vasing. Weed Biol. Manage., 5:1 - 7.
    16. Noble, C. L and Rogers M. E., (1992). Arguments for the use of physiological criteria for improving the salt tolerance in crops. Plant Physiol. 146 : 99 - 107.
    17. Pattanagul, W and Thitisaksakul M. (2008). Effect of salinity stress on growth and carbohydrate metabolism in three rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars differing in salinity tolerance. India. J. Exp. Biol., 46: 736 - 742.
    18. Quiles, M. J and López N. I. (2004). Photoinhibition of photosystems I and II induced by exposure to high light intensity during oat plant grown effects on the chloroplastic NADH dehydrogenase complex. Plant Sci., 166: 815 - 823
    19. Ren, Z. H., Gao. J. P., Li. L. G., Cai. X. L., Huang. W., Chao. D. Y., Zhu. M. Z., Wang. Z. Y., Luan S. and Lin H. X. (2005). A rice quantitative trait locus for salt tolerance encodes a sodium transporter. Nat. Genet., 37: 1141 – 1146.
    20. Sairam, R. K and Srivastava G. C. (2002). Changes in antioxidant activity in sub-cellular fractions of tolerant and susceptible wheat genotypes in response to long term salt stress. Plant Sci., 162: 897 - 904.
    21. Shalata, A and Tal M. (2001). The effect of salt stress on lipid peroxidation and antioxidants in the leaf of the cultivated tomato and its wild salt-tolerant relative Lycopersicon pennellii. Physiol. Plant., 104: 169 - 174.
    22. Stewart, R. R. C and Bewley J. D. (1980). Lipid peroxidation associated aging of soybean axes. Plant Physiol., 65: 245 - 248.
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