Indian Journal of Agricultural Research

  • Chief EditorV. Geethalakshmi

  • Print ISSN 0367-8245

  • Online ISSN 0976-058X

  • NAAS Rating 5.60

  • SJR 0.293

Frequency :
Bi-monthly (February, April, June, August, October and December)
Indexing Services :
BIOSIS Preview, ISI Citation Index, Biological Abstracts, Elsevier (Scopus and Embase), AGRICOLA, Google Scholar, CrossRef, CAB Abstracting Journals, Chemical Abstracts, Indian Science Abstracts, EBSCO Indexing Services, Index Copernicus
Submit

Full Research Article

Assessment of Land Suitability in Perennial Crops using FAHP and GIS in Central Vietnam

Nguyen Van Binh1, Ho Nhat Linh1, Nguyen Dinh Tien1, Tran Thi Anh Tuyet1, Hoang Thi Thai Hoa1,*
1University of Agriculture and Forestry, Hue University, 102 Phung Hung, Hue City, Vietnam.

ABSTRACT

Background: Perennial crops including rubber and Thanh Tra grapefruit are highly effective land use that has occupied a large area (nearly 11,000 ha) in Thua Thien Hue province, Central Vietnam. Analyzing land suitability in agricultural production is one of the important tools for determining the effective use of land resources and sustainable development. This study aims to evaluate the land suitability of perennial crops in Phong Dien district, Thua Thien Hue province, Central Vietnam.

Methods: The study was conducted in different communes in Phong Dien district, Thua Thien Hue province, Central Vietnam from 2022 to 2023 by collecting secondary and primary data together with soil samples from 45 profiles for analysis and finally application of the fuzzy multi-criteria analysis process (FAHP) tool and geographic information system method (GIS) to evaluate the land suitability.

Result: The results indicated that economic criteria played the most important role with weights from 0.068 to 0.343, followed by the social criteria (weights from 0.014 to 0.147) and the environmental criteria (weights from 0.011 to 0.051). With land suitability evaluation, the very high suitability area of rubber and Thanh Tra grapefruit (S1) was 3,144.14 ha and 3,742.29 ha respectively. The FAHP and GIS integrated method is a useful method to assess land suitability for land use of perennial crops based on appropriate assessment of FAO land use requirements.

INTRODUCTION

Assessing land suitability, thereby selecting effective land use types for reasonable use from the perspective of ecology and sustainable development, is becoming a global issue of interest to scientists around the world (Nguyen Van Binh, 2017). Land suitability assessment is carried out by combining land characteristics with land use requirements (Herzberg et al., 2019) which is necessary to match land resources and land uses properly, effectively and reasonable way (Pereira et al., 2017; Li et al., 2012). In addition, land assessment is necessary for land use planners to avoid costly mistakes and improve investment efficiency (Mohammed et al., 2020) as well as the sustainability of crop production.
       
Geographic information system (GIS) is a powerful tool for storing, retrieving, processing and analyzing multi-source spatial/temporal data necessary for spatial planning and management (Singh et al., 2017). However, GIS does not consider criteria priorities because all criteria are not equally important (Gigović et al., 2017). Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) is a multi-criteria method for assessing land use suitability based on Geographic Information System (GIS). AHP is one of the popular methods widely used to solve multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) problems (Rane et al., 2023). Fuzzy sets are used in AHP calculations to compensate for this shortcoming (Rathia et al., 2015). Furthermore, those methods are proven to be flexible, effective and robust approaches in the field of land suitability (Xu and Zhang, 2013) when generating feasible land suitability map options (Van Chuong Huynh, 2008) ranked according to experts’ preferences (Qureshi et al., 2018).
       
Central Vietnam is considered the most difficult area in Vietnam. The effective management of land resources for agricultural production in this area is an essential requirement for food security and sustainable rural development. The inappropriate use of agricultural land is a major constraint to agricultural production in Vietnam (Herzberg et al., 2019). This paper integrates GIS and FAHP methods to determine the land suitability for rubber and Thanh Tra grapefruit in Thua Thien Hue province, Central Vietnam.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Study area
 
The study area was carried out in Phong Dien district (16°35'41"-16°57'00"N and 107°3'00"-107°21'4"E), Thua Thien Hue province, Central Vietnam. This district includes 16 administrative units with a total natural land area of 94,566.10 ha, accounting for 18.89% of the natural land area of Thua Thien Hue province (Fig 1).
 

Fig 1: Map of research location.


 
Data collection
 
Secondary data was collected from different Departments such as Natural Resources and Environment, Agriculture and Rural Development including natural conditions, socio-economic reports, land use and from reports, papers in 2022, Primary data was collected by the Participatory Rural Appraisal method (PRA) following the questionnaire in 2023. The number of interviewed households was applied according to the formula of Slovin (1960) with 160 people in 16 towns and communes in the Phong Dien district. The content of direct interview questionnaires was input costs, output costs, technical practices, productivity, capital sources and consumption markets, for each type of land use. We also asked opinions from 35 scientists, experts from universities and research institutes and experienced managers in the field of land management regarding the importance of criteria in the FAHP evaluation method.
 
Soil collection and analysis
 
Based on soil classification results from the soil map of Thua Thien Hue province at a scale of 1/50,000, the soil map of Phong Dien district at a scale of 1/25,000 (Phong Dien District People’s Committee, 2020), soil types in the study area were investigated through survey, soil profile making, description, sampling and analysis. 45 soil profiles including 62 samples were taken according to FAO - UNESCO guidelines for analysis in all communes of Phong Dien district, Thua Thien Hue province with properties including pHKCl, OM, total N, total P2O5, total K2O, available N, available P2O5, available K2O according to standard methods (Page et al., 1996). Soil analysis results indicated pHKCl (4,46), OM (2.15%), toal N (0.083%), total P (0.026%), total K (0,69%), available N (4.88 mg/100 g), available P (2,86 mg/100 g), available K (16,26 mg/100 g) and soil texture with sandy to loamy.
 
Methods of building land map unit
 
To evaluate the suitability for land use, we constructed a map of Phong Dien district’s land unit at a scale of 1/25,000 as a basis for land assessment (FAO, 1976). The land map unit (LMU) is a component of the land use system in land assessment. Based on the actual conditions of Phong Dien district, we chose 6 main criteria to build an LMU including soil type (17 types), slope (6 slopes), soil texture (4 textures), soil fertility (3 fertility levels), irrigation (3 regimes), soil horizon (5 depths). These thematic maps were built based on soil maps, topographic map, hydrological system map, agricultural land use map and soil analysis results from 45 soil profiles. Thematic maps were established at a scale of 1/25,000 according to the coordinate system, reference system VN-2000 and meridian axis 107° specified for Thua Thien Hue province (Fig 2). After overlapping the thematic maps, we had a land unit map of Phong Dien district, Thua Thien Hue province at a scale of 1/25,000. These diagnostic factors (land use requirements) are the basis for comparing and contrasting the land quality of each LMU, thereby determining the appropriate levels of the selected LUTs. The consideration between limiting factors and normal factors can be improved in the process of comparing and evaluating the suitability of each LUT according to the LMUs studied in the region follows the soil assessment process according to FAO (Nguyen Van Binh, 2017).
 

Fig 2: Thematic maps.


 
FAHP method in suitability assessment
 
The Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP) method was applied following Pilevar et al., (2020). The main criteria in assessing the suitability of perennial crops (rubber, Thanh Tra grapefruit) were economic, social and environmental. The economic calculation included gross output (GO), intermediate costs (IC) and value-added (VA). Social and environmental effectiveness was evaluated through survey data to standardize the Xi value classification scale of each criterion for selected land use types according to each study area in the future. There was an additional criterion for decentralization content, which was the ability to consume products (additional decentralization criteria: transportation system, proximity to commercial areas, markets), the criteria were divided into 4 levels. According to Nguyen Van Binh (2017) and Van Chuong Huynh (2008), the Xi value classification of each criterion was ranked by points, varying from 3 to 9. Social and environmental indicators were a layer of thematic information, then overlayered those layers of information with the support of GIS technology and the fuzzy multi-criteria method (FAHP) to assess social and environmental appropriateness (Tadele et al., 2022). The sub-criteria of land use requirement in the main criteria did not consider unsuitable land units (N) for each land use type in perennial crops, only applying to units from S1, S2 and S3 levels.
       
The prioritization of sustainability Si levels was carried out using the AHP method of Saaty (1980). The data processing was done by using Excel software 2016, analyzing expert opinions and referring to the prioritization results provided by Nguyen Van Binh (2017) and Van Chuong Huynh (2008).
       
Based on the LMU, we evaluated and established land suitability maps for each land use type for perennial crops (Thanh Tra grapefruit, rubber). According to FAO’s assessment framework (FAO, 1976), the GIS included 11 data fields, i.e. soil type, slope, soil texture, soil horizon, fertility, commune, district, classification of suitable land use requirements, area and notes. The ID data field considered land units of evaluated land use types from 1-111. Based on the attribute data of each land suitability map, we converted data from GIS to Excel to process FAHP. FHAP was built and calculated in Excel with 3 main criteria and 12 sub-criteria through questionnaires of calculation results and experts for 2 types of perennial crops. Through the global weight (Wi) and score (Xi) of each criterion, the results were evaluated for each land unit, each commune-level administrative unit in the entire Phong Dien district, Thua Thien Hue province of two types of perennial land use (Thanh Tra grapefruit, rubber).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Assessment of land suitability according to land use requirements
 
The result of overlaying single-dimensional maps of the study area resulted in a land unit map for Phong Dien district aiming at land suitability assessment and land use orientation (Fig 3). There was a total of 111 land unit maps in Phong Dien district from 17 soil types, this reflected a great diversity and difference of soil types in the study area in which coastal sandy soil, alluvial soil on sandstone, alluvial soil, red-yellow soil on metamorphic rocks, deep active alum soil, moderate salinity soil, gray soil on acidic magmatic rocks, red yellow humus soil on magma rock, red and yellow loamy soil on metamorphic rock, had the least number of land units and only one land unit. Similar results were found in Herzberg et al., (2019) and Hoang et al., (2022) who indicated that the implemented methodology of land suitability evaluation proved to be an appropriate and useful approach for the application in a hilly district of Vietnam. In the Vietnam uplands, social and economic characteristics had a significant impact on agricultural land use.
 

Fig 3: Map of land units of Phong Dien district, Thua Thien Hue province.


       
Results of assessing the suitability level of LUT1 (Thanh Tra grapefruit) (Table 1) indicated that the area of   high suitability level (S1) was 7,908.64 ha with land units no. 2, 8, 17, 21, 32, 33, 41, 70, 74, 76, 79, 82, 83, 85, 87, 93, 107 accounting for 8.36% of the total natural area of the study area. At the suitability level (S2), the area was 3,610.09 ha, accounting for 3.82% of the total natural area of the study area. For the suitability level (S3), the area was 17,740.23 ha, accounting for 18.76% of the total natural area of the study area. The remaining unsuitable level (N), accounts for 53,434.95 ha (56.47% of the total natural area in land units no. 1-8, 13-23, 27-39, 41-43, 45, 47-49, 53-66, 70-72, 74, 76-80, 83, 85-87, 102). Land types have not been included in the assessment as non-agricultural land (8,356.42 ha), rivers, streams, or specific water surfaces (3,515.78 ha). Limiting factors of this LUT included soil type, slope, soil horizon and soil texture. Similarly, LUT2 (rubber) (Table 1), with an area of 1,427.95 ha at the suitability level (S1) belonged to land unit no. 82, 106, 107, 110, 111. Suitability level (S2) had an area of 7,726.97 ha, accounting for 8.17% of the total natural area, belonging to land units no. 25, 40, 68-69, 73, 89-97, 101, 104-105 and 108. Suitability level (S3) had an area of 9197.86 ha, accounting for 9.73% of the total natural area with land unit no. 9-12, 22, 24, 26, 44, 50-51, 67, 75, 81, 84, 98-100, 103, 109. There was a remaining 64,341.13 ha, accounting for 68.04% of the total natural area at an unsuitable level (N). Limiting factors of this LUT included soil type, slope and soil horizon. The study area belonged to a hilly area in Vietnam where characterized by numerous natural, economic and social factors that made it unsuitable for agricultural production. Physical constraints including high elevation, soil acidity and low soil nitrogen were the primary barriers to agricultural production, particularly for economic crops like grapefruit and rubber. Fallow farming, high rates of erosion and population pressure were all negatively impacted on sustainable agriculture (Herzberg et al., 2019). The land with the lowest rates of poverty, the most access to knowledge and the highest concentration of farming expertise is best suited for the assessed crops. These socioeconomic circumstances were essential to the production of bananas and rubber. For example, a significant level of technological expertise was required for the planting of rubber trees, the collection of latex and the creation of a transportable rubber product (To and Tran, 2018; Nguyen, 2018). Farmers still had a limited understanding of new commercial crops compared to cassava and upland rice (Fox, 2014).
 

Table 1: Summary data on suitability assessment of land use requirements for land use types in Phong Dien district.


 
Applying FAHP and GIS to evaluate the suitability of perennial land use types
 
With a pairwise comparison matrix of the main criteria: Economy, society, environment and the weights of the factors were calculated and established a matrix for each sub-criteria of the above main criteria. Thus, the criteria in the suitability assessment determined all partial weights according to the main and secondary criteria. The global weight of the criteria (main and secondary) in suitability assessment was based on the product of the weight of the main criterion and sub-criteria of each criterion for each land unit of the criteria.
 
Wi = W1i×W2i
       
Among the main criteria (W1i) in the rubber tree (Table 2), the economic criterion has the highest weight (0.629) and conversely, the environmental criterion has the lowest weight (0.107). This means that the economic criterion is the most important in assessing the sustainability of this type of land use. Among the sub-criteria (component W2i), the added value criteria have the highest weight (0.512) compared to the other two criteria. Regarding the overall weight Wi of the sub-criteria (component Wi), the economic criterion still plays the most important role in assessing suitability (0.090-0.322) compared to the remaining social and environmental criteria. In the FAHP sustainability assessment for this type, CR = 0.0334 (<0.1), proving that the results ensure accuracy and are consistent with FAHP standards. Similar to rubber trees, it is also found that in the main criteria (W1i), the highest and lowest weights (0.566 and 0.110) are in the economic and the environmental criteria for Thanh Tra grapefruit, respectively. The product consumption criterion has the highest weight (0.454) compared to the other 4 sub-criteria. In the overall weight Wi of the sub-criteria (component Wi), the economic criteria also play the most important role in assessing sustainability (0.068-0.343) compared to the remaining social and environmental sub-criteria of this land use type. The result of this type has CR=0.0032 (<0.1), ensuring reliability when assessed by FAHP.
 

Table 2: Global weights of rubber and Thanh Tra grapefruit land use types.


       
The results of the suitability assessment of land use types by each land unit of Phong Dien district are shown in Fig 4. With an area of   3,742.29 ha, 8,399.49 ha and 17,117.18 ha was found in LUT 1 (Thanh Tra grapefruit) for very high suitability level (S1), high suitability level (S2) and low suitability level (S3), respectively. Level of S1, S2 and S3 in LUT2 (rubber) were 3,144.14 ha, 2,630.78 ha and 12,577.86 ha.
 

Fig 4: Map assessing the sustainability of Thanh Tra grapefruit (LUT1) and rubber (LUT2).


       
The results in Table 3 compared to suitable land use requirements, area of high suitability level (S1) for LUT2 increased significantly to 1,716.19 ha, because these areas had very large consumer markets, convenient access to capital and very good techniques, etc. On the contrary, there was affected by weather impacts and consumer markets, etc. Therefore, the area of high suitability level (S1) in LUT1 decreased by 4,166.35 ha compared to suitable land use requirements. Suitability levels of S2 and S3 had an increase and decrease in area between LUTs because these areas had very favorable consumption markets, favorable access to capital and very good technology. However, there were also some LMU  were highly suitable in terms of land (land use requirements) but low suitability level.
 

Table 3: Summary results of suitability assessment on rubber and Thanh Tra grapefruit land use types.


       
There was no change in the area of unsuitability level (N) when assessing suitability for land use requirements and suitability level in Phong Dien district, Thua Thien Hue province.
       
In previous studies, land suitability is often assessed in terms of natural (environmental) factors for agricultural land such as the suitability of agricultural land (Pilevar et al., 2020; Ramamurthy et al., 2020; Sengupta et al., 2022), which placed great emphasis on topography, soil, climate, accessibility and land use. Saha et al., (2021) reported that soil, climate and topographic characteristics were considered in the study. Evidence from model output, 29.534 ha (30.54%), 34,984.74 ha (36.17%), 17,455 ha (18.05%), 14,744.61 ha (15.24%) were ranged in moderately suitable, slightly suitable, currently unsuitable and permanently unsuitable, suitable for sorghum production. Slope gradient, elevation, temperature, growing time, available water capacity, average gravimetric diameter, total nitrogen, available phosphorus and soil organic carbon content are considered. The fuzzy-AHP suitability assessment model was adapted to determine the weights for topographic and soil properties (Sonia et al., 2023). The highest specific weights were obtained for soil depth (0.232) and elevation (0.218), while the lowest weight was calculated for aspect (0.042). Highly, moderately and marginally suitable lands for wheat cultivation cover 2.63, 9.85 and 32.59% of the study area, respectively. In addition, the results indicated that 54.92% of the total area is permanently unsuitable for wheat cultivation (Kilic et al., 2022). Similar results were found by Sonia et al., (2023) and Yousif et al., (2020). FAHP and GIS integrated approach is a convenient and effective assessment method, commonly applied to assess land suitability (Sarkar et al., 2021; Li et al., 2022).

CONCLUSION

In summary, the FAHP and GIS integrated method was a useful method to assess land suitability for perennial crop land use types based on appropriate assessment of land use requirements from FAO combined with 3 criteria, i.e. economic, social and environmental in study site. The study built a map of land units in Phong Dien district on the basis of overlapping 6 factors (soil type, slope, soil horizon, soil texture, fertility, irrigation regime) and identified 111 units. The results of assessing the suitability of the three economic, social and environmental aspects based on the combination of GIS and FAHP, the area of S1 level for Thanh Tra grapefruit land use type increased significantly. A sharp decrease the area of S1 level for rubber land use type. Relevance levels of S2 and S3 had an increase and decrease in area between LUTs. This study has proposed an effective approach in land suitability assessment by integrating the FAHP and GIS to increase land use efficiency, ensuring sustainable development of perennial crops in Phong Dien district in particular and Thua Thien Hue province and the Central region in general.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This work was partially supported by Hue University under the Core Research Program, Grant No. NCM.DHH.2020.07.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

All authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

REFERENCES


  1. FAO. (1976). A framework for land evaluation. FAO Soils Bulletin. 32(22). Rome.

  2. Fox, J., Castella, J.C., Ziegler, A.D., Westley, S.B. (2014). Rubber plantations expand in mountainous Southeast Asia: What are the consequences for the environment? Asia Pacific Issues. 114: 1-7.

  3. Gigović, L., Pamuèar, D., Bajiæ, Z., Drobnjak, S. (2017). Application of GIS-interval rough AHP methodology for flood hazard mapping in urban areas. Water. 9(6): 360.  https://doi.org/10.3390/w9060360.

  4. Herzberg, R., Pham, G.T., Kappas, M., Wyssand, D., Tran, T.M.C. (2019). Multi-criteria decision analysis for the land evaluation of potential agricultural land use typesin a hilly area of Central Vietnam. Land. 8(6): 90. https://doi.org/10.3390/land8060090.

  5. Hoang, T.H.N., Nguyen, M.H., Bui, Q.D. (2022). A combined approach for sustainable use of mountainous agricultural land: Land suitability evaluation and ecological economic model. Vietnam Journal of Earth Sciences. 44(4): 451- 469. 

  6. Kilic, O.M., KerMan, E., Hikmet, G., Ahlam, K., Moodi, A. (2022). Combination of fuzzy-AHP and GIS techniques in land suitability assessment for wheat (Triticum aestivum) cultivation. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences. 29: 2634-2644.

  7. Li, C., Zhang, T., Wang, X., Lian, Z. (2022). Site Selection of urban parks based on fuzzy- analytic hierarchy process (FAHP):  A case study of Nanjing, China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 19(20): 13159.  https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192013159.

  8. Mohammed, S., Alsafadi, K., Ali, H., Mousavi, S.M.N., Kiwan, S., Hennawi, S. (2020). Assessment of land suitability potentials for winter wheat cultivation by using a multi criteria decision Support-Geographic information system (MCDS- GIS) approach in Al-Yarmouk Basin (S syria). Geocarto  International. 37(2): 1-19.

  9. Nguyen, T.T.H. (2018). Solutions to improve the value added of the rubber value chain in the Central highlands of Vietnam. Australasian Agribusiness Perspective. 21: 89-97.

  10. Nguyen, V.B. (2017). Assessing the current situation and proposing directions for sustainable agricultural land use in Huong Tra town, Thua Thien Hue province. PhD dissertation on Environmental Control and Protection. Hue University, Vietnam.

  11. Page, A.L., Miller, R.H., Keeney, D.R. (1996). Methods of soil analysis: Chemical and microbiological properties, part 2. Madison, Wisc. American Society of Agronomy.

  12. Pereira, P., Brevik, E., Muñoz-Rojas, M., Miller, B. (2017). Soil mapping and process modeling for sustainable land use management.  Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands. 

  13. Phong Dien District People’s Committee. (2020). Explanatory report on land use planning to 2030 and land use plan for the first period of 2021-2025 of Phong Dien district. Thua Thien Hue, Vietnam.

  14. Pilevar, A.R., Matinfar, H.R., Sohrabi, A., Sarmadian, F. (2020). Integrated fuzzy, AHP and GIS techniques for land suitability assessment in  semi-arid  regions  for wheat and maize farming. Ecological Indicators. 110(3): 105887. doi: 10.1016/j.ecolind.2019.105887.

  15. Qureshi, M.R.N., Singh, R.K. and Hasan, M.A. (2018). Decision support model to select crop pattern for sustainable agricultural practices using fuzzy MCDM. Environment, Development and Sustainability. 20(2): 641-659. 

  16. Ramamurthy, V., Reddy, G.P.O., Kumar, N. (2020). Assessment of  land  suitability  for maize (Zea mays L.) in semi-arid ecosystem of southern India using integrated AHP and GIS approach. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture.  179: 105806. doi: 10.1016/j.compag.2020.105806.

  17. Rathia R., Khandujab D., Sharmac S.K. (2015). Synergy of fuzzy AHP and six sigma for capacity waste management in Indian automotive industry. Decision Science Letters. 4: 441-452.

  18. Rane, N., Achari, A., Choudhary, S. (2023). Multi-Criteria Decision- Making (MCDM) as a powerful tool for sustainable development: Effective applications of AHP, FAHP, TOPSIS, ELECTRE and VIKOR in sustainability. International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science. 5: 2654-2670. 

  19. Saaty, T. (1980). The analytic hierarchy process: Planning, priority setting, resource allocation (Decision Making Series). New York, McGraw-Hill.

  20. Saha, S., Sarkar, D., Mondal, P., Goswami, S. (2021). GIS and multi-criteria decision-making assessment of sites suitability for agriculture in an anabranching site of Indian. Modeling  Earth Systems and Environment. 7(1): 571-588.

  21. Sarkar, B., Das, P., Islam, N., Basak, A., Debnath, M., Roy, R. (2021).  Land  suitability analysis for paddy crop using GIS-based Fuzzy-AHP (F-AHP) method in Koch Bihar district. West Bengal. Geocarto International. 37(3): 1-26.

  22. Sengupta, S., Mohinuddin, S., Arif, M., Sengupta, B., Zhang, W.C. (2022). Assessment of agricultural land suitability using GIS and fuzzy analytical hierarchy process approach in Ranchi District, India. Geocarto International. 37(3): 1-34.

  23. Singh, L. K., Jha, M. K., Chowdary, V. M. (2017). Multi-criteria analysis and GIS modeling for identifying prospective water harvesting and artificial recharge sites for sustainable water supply. Journal of Cleaner Production. 142: 1436- 1456.

  24. Slovin, E. (1960). Slovin’s formula for sampling technique. https://prudencexd.weebly.com.

  25. Sonia, Sunita, Rakesh, V.K., Tathagata, G., Rajarshi, G.K. (2023). Agricultural land suitability categorization and evaluation using GIS assisted AHP in the arid western plain zone of Rajasthan, India. Indian Journal of Agricultural Research. 57(4): 525-535. doi: 10.18805/IJARe.A-6085.

  26. Tadele, B., Eyasu, E., Alemu, L. (2022). Analysis and prediction of land-use and land-cover changes and driving forces by using GIS and remote sensing in the Coka Watershed, Southern Ethiopia. Indian Journal of Agricultural Research.  56(5): 581-587. doi: 10.18805/IJARe.A-699.

  27. To, X.P., Tran, H.N. (2014). Rubber expansion and forest protection in Vietnam. Tropenbos International Viet Nam. Hue, Vietnam. 

  28. Van, C.H. (2008). Multi-criterial land suitability evaluation for selected fruit crops in hilly region of Central Vietnam, with case study in Thua Thien Hue province. PhD dissertation, Humboldt University of Berlin, Germany.

  29. Yousif, I., Hassanein, S., Sayed, Ali, H.A.A., Aldabaa, A. (2020). Contribution of different land evaluation systems to assess land capability and suitability of some coastal soils in Egypt. Indian Journal of Agricultural Research. 54(3): 263-276. doi: 10.18805/IJARe.A-497
Reviewed By

Download Article
In this Article
    Contact us
    Follow us

    Editorial Board

    View all (0)