Indian Journal of Agricultural Research

  • Chief EditorV. Geethalakshmi

  • Print ISSN 0367-8245

  • Online ISSN 0976-058X

  • NAAS Rating 5.60

  • SJR 0.293

Frequency :
Bi-monthly (February, April, June, August, October and December)
Indexing Services :
BIOSIS Preview, ISI Citation Index, Biological Abstracts, Elsevier (Scopus and Embase), AGRICOLA, Google Scholar, CrossRef, CAB Abstracting Journals, Chemical Abstracts, Indian Science Abstracts, EBSCO Indexing Services, Index Copernicus
Indian Journal of Agricultural Research, volume 58 issue 1 (february 2024) : 01-10

Compilation of Research Works that Contributed to the Development of Algerian Agricultural Nematology: A Review

N. Tirchi1,*, R. Holgado2, T. Karahacane1, A. Mokabli1
1Department of Agricultural Sciences, Laboratory of Water-Rock-Plants, University Djilali Bounaama, Khemis Miliana, Road of Theniet El Had 44225 Ain Defla, Algeria.
2Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Division of Biotechnology and Plant Health, Aas, Norway (NIBIO).
Cite article:- Tirchi N., Holgado R., Karahacane T., Mokabli A. (2024). Compilation of Research Works that Contributed to the Development of Algerian Agricultural Nematology: A Review . Indian Journal of Agricultural Research. 58(1): 01-10. doi: 10.18805/IJARe.AF-811.

Investigation on plant-parasitic nematodes (PPN) in Algeria date back to the late 19th century. Important research has been performed since this period until currently generating significant information. The aim of this literature assembling is making available an outline of the current situation of plant nematology in the country. This review is based on the available information existing at universities’ libraries and research articles obtained by visiting web pages and Google Scholar. All pertinent information was collected from 2018 until today. This review article shows three periods for Algerian agricultural nematology: First period includes the years of French colonialism and two decades after independence. Publications on PPN started in the late 19th and early 20th centuries by French and Italian researchers, working in Algeria. The second period (1980-end 1990s) was characterized by the emergence of Algerian researchers. They successively became central academics having the responsibility to educate graduate students. Their research topics were studies on geographical distribution and evaluation of damage degrees of some PPN. The third period (2000 until today) is characterized by the progression in nematological research in the country; research topics expanded and became more diverse. Collaboration between universities, National Institute of Agronomic Research and National Institute of Plant Protection are the organisations contributing to the development of nematology. Till date, a total of 38 genera and 43 species of PPN including economically important nematodes were documented in Algeria.

Nematology is the scientific discipline dedicated to study nematodes and the practical application of this knowledge (Prot, 1984).
       
Nematodes are a group of lesser-known but the most abundant group of multicellular organisms on earth. Nematodes belong to the kingdom Animalia. They can be defined as a group of thread/wormlike, transparent, bilaterally symmetrical in appearance but quite distinct taxonomically from the true worms. Most of species of nematodes live freely in fresh or salt waters or in the soil and feed on microorganisms, plants and animals. Numerous species of nematodes attack and parasitize humans and animals (Shah and Mahamood, 2017).
       
The emergence of Agricultural helminthology and Plant Virology as fresh disciplines has contributed to the recent evolution of agronomy and biological sciences (Manolache and Romascu, 1973). Agricultural helminthology studies particularly plant parasitic nematodes, this scientific discipline is included in soil biology and in phytopathology with other disciplines such as Mycology, Virology and Bacteriology (Prot, 1984).
       
Nematodes are associated with nearly every important  agricultural crops. Symptoms caused by these pests  are complex, damage on roots often decrease the capacity of plants to take up water and nutrients from soil and thus cause symptoms of water and nutrient deficiencies in the aboveground parts of plants. Infected crops will be affected on production and yields (Holgado and Magnusson, 2012; El-Sagheer, 2019; Kumar and Yadav, 2020). PPN rank among the most important threats to agricultural production, particularly in developing countries. Therefore, the promotion of this discipline is of great importance to ensure food safety in these countries.
       
In Algeria, investigation on PPN dates back to the late 19th, until today. Essential research has been conducted from this period until currently generating significant information; nevertheless, the information generated is dispersed with restricted access for students and researchers.
       
To the best of our knowledge, until now, no effort has been made to sum up the Algerian development of this discipline. The idea of writing this article occurred during the workshop on Plant nematology in Algeria «1st workshop on nematology: Elements of diagnosis and management of some nematodes of economic importance for Algeria» in 23 to 29 of October 2018 by Djilali Bounaama University in Khemis Miliana (Algeria) in collaboration with Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (Norway).
       
The objectives of this review are to summarize and highlight the leading accounts from late 19th to today and provide a tool for universities and research institutes, provide with an overview of the current situation of plant nematology, point the main periods of its development, be aware of the leading researchers and organisms contributing to this development, identify the main knowledge gaps and make recommandations for future nematological research. The authors have made an effort for reaching all information feasible. However we would like to express our sincere apologies if any relevant facts or researchers have been omitted.
 
Methods
 
For the review different sources linking to research work on PPN were accessed. Official papers from national institutions were consulted: the Library of the Higher National Agricultural School of El-Harrach (Algiers) and library catalogues from Algerian universities. Theses and articles published obtained by visiting web pages accessible online and Google Scholar were categorized, reviewed and analyzed. In addition, important information was obtained through personal communications with Algerian scientists.
       
To collect information of web pages and Google scholar, search terms were prepared, the following terms were used: “nematodes in Algeria”. Common and scientific names of plant parasitic nematodes, genera and species adding “in Algeria”e.g. “Meloidogyne in Algeria”, “Root knot nematodes in Algeria, “Xiphinema in Algeria”, “Pratylenchus in Algeria”etc. further words were added before the name of plant parasitic nematodes: e.g. “occurrence”, “distribution”, “identification” etc. Additional family name of known Algerian nematologists were used as search terms e.g. “Sellami”, “Mokabli”, “Hammache” etc. Correspondingly for foreign nematologists recognized by their research in the country were also used as search terms e.g. “Dalmasso” “Lamberti”, “Scotto Lamassèse”.
       
All pertinent information was collected from 2018 until today (the mid-2023).
 
Development periods of nematology in Algeria
 
The literature analysis showed three main periods for the development of agricultural nematology in the country.
 
1st period: Include the period of colonialism and the earliest two decades after independence (until late 1970)
 
The initiation of Algerian Agricultural nematology, date back to late 19th and early 20th; where first reports on PPN in the country were pointed out by French and Italian researchers.
 
French/Italian researchers leading this first period
 
French researchers
 
Ferdinand Debray and Emile Maupas in 1896 studied Tylenchus devastatrix, today known as the stem nematode Ditylenchus dipsaci. They wrote in 1896 a book “Le Tylenchus devastatrix Kühn, et la Maladie Vermiculaire des Fèves en Algérie” printed by Orientale Pierre Fontana et Cie., today considered a classic book, the research conducted by Debray and Maupas was advanced and informative for this time library (Debray and Maupas, 1896). Debray was professor of botany in the Higher School of Algiers and Maupas was a curator of the National Library.

Louis Charles Trabut reported in 1915 Tylenchulus semipenetrans in citrus orchards (Trabut, 1915). Trabut was botanist and Professor at Medicine school of Algiers.
       
According to Scotto La Massese (1962) the root-knot nematodes (RKN) Meloidogyne spp. was reported by Marcel Delassus in 1928, from horticultural areas of Mitidja. Meloidogyne was called at that time Heterodera marioni. Delassus was Chief of the Plant Protection Service in the country.
       
Pierre Frézal in 1953 reported, for the first-time potato cyst nematodes (PCN) Globodera rostochiensis, named at that time Heterodera rostochiensis. Frézal was the Head of the Department of Plant Protection; He was in charge of the crop protection courses at the Higher National School of Agriculture of Algiers/Ecole Nationale Agronomique d’Alger (ENAA) (Frézal, 1954).
       
Claude Scotto La Massèse, French/Algerian born in 1926, worked in the country until 23 December 1962. He worked as an engineer in the Plant Protection Department from 1950 to 1954, Graduate as Master of Research at INRA in 1961. During 1958 to 1962, he was the Administrator of the Agricultural Research Center of Algeria. His research increased the knowledge of PCN, including geographical distribution; aspects contributing to their dissemination (Scotto La Massese, 1961). In 1962 he reported the occurrence of cereal cyst nematodes (CCN) Heterodera avenae (Scotto La Massese, 1962).
       
Claude Scotto La Massèse was relocated to live in France (end of 1962), but he carried on with his research work in Algeria, particularly studying Tylenchulus semipenetrans nematodes associated with Citrus (Scotto La Massese et al., 1973; 1975).
       
Didier Mugniéry from National Institute of Agronomic Research (INRA) of France and Helène Zaouchi from the Center of Agronomic Research of Algeria, studied PCN control and management (Mugniery and Zaouchi, 1973). Further Helène Zaouchi investigated methods for management of Tylenchulus semipenetrans (Scotto La Massese et al., 1975). Zaouchi studied the damage caused by PPN on date palm and olive in collaboration with Italian nematologists (Lamberti et al., 1975).
       
Antoine Dalmasso and Michel Luc studied Longidorid nematodes during 1960s (Dalmasso, 1969; Dalmasso and Cuany, 1969).
 
Italian nematologists
 
Franco Lamberti and Nicolas Greco studied PPN associated to major crops such as date palm, olive, horticultural crops, cereals and legumes (Lamberti, 1973; Lamberti et al., 1975).
 
2nd period: (1980-end 1990)
 
Studies on the longidorid nematodes were conducted by Michel Luc (French), Atanas Kostadinov (Bulgarian), Franco Lamberti and Alberto Troccoli (Italian) (Luc and Kostadinov, 1981; Kostadinov, 1985; Troccoli et al., 1992; Lamberti et al., 1992).
       
In our opinion the establishment of agricultural nematology research in Algeria occurred in the course of the 2nd period, with the following scientists: Ouanouki Farida and Sellami Samira, first ladies interested in nematology, international collaboration starts to yield Algerian nematologists e.g. Mokabli Aissa was trained and supervised by Professor Mohamed Mouldi B’chir from Tunisia working at the Institut National Agronomique de Tunisie INAT and Roger Rivoal from France (INRA, Centre de Recherches de Rennes).
       
The training in Algeria on nematological subjects started with Sellami Samira; she supervised and trained Hammache Miloud. In this period, Sellami, Mokabli and Hammache were the main nematologists in the country, they continued with training in nematology, supervising theses for degrees of Engineering, Magister and PhD. Today most of their students are ensuring the continuity of nematology and are working in the National Institute of Plant Protection and others are lecturers in several Algerian universities.
       
At the library of the Higher National Agronomic School ENSA (previous INA) the research work related to PPN are registered: 62 Engineering dissertations and 8 Magister theses. The topics of these eight theses were RKN (3), Heterodera avenae (3), Tylenchulus semipenetrans (1) and Ditylenchus dipsaci (1).
       
Three papers were published in this period by Algerian researchers; two in Annales de l’Institut National Agronomique: (Mokabli, 1988; Ouanouki and Ighili, 1988) and one published in Nematologia Mediterranea (Sellami et al., 1999).
 
3rd period (2000 until mid-2023)
 
This period is characterized by the progression in nematological research in the country and expansion on research topics as nematode biology; nematode communities; molecular identification and methods for management (Chemical, biological and cultural control).
       
Our review found that in Algiers at the ENSA are registered 17 magister and 16 PhD thesis. The topics for magister degree were RKN (8), CCN (5), PCN (3) and Ditylenchus dipsaci (1).
       
The topics for PhD theses were CCN (Mokabli, 2002; Haddadi, 2015; Djetti, 2019; Rahim, 2021 and Mehalaine, 2021), PCN (Tirchi, 2015; Mezerket, 2018; Djebroune, 2019; Benttoumi, 2022), RKN (Hammache, 2012; Babaali, 2017; a part of the thesis of Morsli, 2018; Zaidat, 2021). Nematodes associated with olive (Lounici-Belahmer, 2018); nematodes associated with vine (Hoceini, 2015), nematode communities in natural area (Berrabah, 2017), Additional, at the ENSA 46 engineering dissertations and 25 master theses related to PPN are archived.
       
In Algerian universities theses dealing with PPN were recorded: A total of 5 magister and 4 PhD thesis.
       
The topics of these PhD theses were: Nematode communities associated with vegetable crops: NebihHadj-Sadok (2013), University of Blida.
       
CCN: Labdelli (2015), University of Tiaret; Righi (2016), University of Mascara.
       
Ditylenchus dipsaci: Saadi (2019), University of Biskra.
       
Papers were published in national and in international journals. We could catalogue 54 publications on the following topics.
 
Root-knot nematodes
 
National journals
 
Djerroudi-Zidane et al., (2011) Revue des BioRessources; Nebih Hadj-Sadok et al., (2014) Agrobiologia.
 
International journals
 
Sellami and Zemmouri (2001) and Sellami et al., (2017) Acta Phytopathologica et Entomologica Hungarcia; Sellami et al., (2010) Nematologia Mediterranea; Hammache (2010) Lebanese Science Journal; Aoudia et al., (2012) Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry; Babaali et al., (2016) Advances in Environmental Biology; Djerroudi-Zidane and Sellami (2017) International Journal of Sciences and Research; Babaali et al., (2017) Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection; Benttoumi et al., (2020b) Plants (deals also with PCN); Zaidat et al., (2020) Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control; Babaali et al., (2021) Nematology; Sabri et al., (2022) Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection.
 
Potato cyst nematodes
 
National journals
 
Nebih Hadj-Sadok and Charif (2019) Agrobiologia.
 
International journals
 
Tirchi et al., (2015) International Journal of Agricultural Science and Research; Tirchi et al., (2016) European Journal of Plant Pathology (deals also with CCN); Tirchi et al., (2017) Academic Journal of Biological Sciences; Mezerket et al., (2018) Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology; Benttoumi et al., (2020a) Bioscience Research; Djebroune et al., (2020) Pakistan Journal of Zoology; Djebroune et al., (2021) Pathogens; Berrahia and Sellami (2022) Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology.
 
Cereal cyst nematodes
 
International journals
 
Mokabli et al., (2001a) Nematologia Mediterranea; Mokabli et al., (2001b) and Mokabli et al., (2002) Nematology; Haddadi et al., (2013) Phytoparasitica; Smaha et al., (2014) International Journal of Zoology; Labdelli et al., (2014) International Journal of Bio-Technology and Research; Righi et al., (2015) Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research; Righi et al., (2016) Journal of Applied Environmental and Biological Sciences; Labdelli et al., (2017) Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences; Smaha and Mokabli (2017) Advances in Environmental Biology; Smaha et al., (2018a) and Smaha et al., (2018b) Plant disease; Djetti et al., (2018) Arxius de Miscel·lània Zoològica; Smaha et al., (2019) Journal of Plant Protection Research; Righi et al., (2019) Cahier Agriculture; Smaha et al., (2020) Revue Marocaine des Sciences Agronomiques et Vétérinaires; Rahim et al., (2020) Plant Archives; Mehalaine et al., (2021) Nematropica; Mekhaneg et al., (2022) Plant Archives (deals also with PCN).
 
Nematodes associated with vegetable crops
 
International journals
 
NebihHadj-Sadok et al., (2011) Nematologia Mediterranea; Berrabah et al., (2014) Revue des Régions Arides; Bissaad and Bounaceur (2016) Scientific Papers. Series A. Agronomy.
 
Nematodes associated with olive
 
National journals
 
Hoceini et al., (2016) Revue Ecologie-Environnement.
 
International journals
 
Chafaa et al., (2014) Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences; Belahmar et al., (2015) Acta phytopathologica et Entomologica Hungarcia.
 
Stem and bulb nematode
 
National journals
 
Saadi and Benbouza (2018) Courrier du Savoir.
 
International journals
 
Saadi et al., (2019) European Journal of Plant Pathology.
 
Nematodes associated with vine
 
International journals
 
Bounaceur et al., (2011) Annals of Biological Research; Hoceini et al., (2017) Advances in Environmental Biology; Smaha et al., (2023) Nematropica.
 
Nematode associated with medicinal plants
 
International journals
 
Berrabah et al., (2016) Advances in Environmental Biology.
 
Main plant parasitic nematodes reported in Algeria
 
The reviewed documents, from the late of 19th century until today, give an account of 38 genera and 43 species of PPN.

The stem and bulb nematode Ditylenchus dipsaci reported in 1896 constitute a limiting factor for production of legume crops and especially beans (Sellami and Bousnina, 1996; Troccoli and Di Vito, 2002). Ditylenchus gigas which is considered a giant race of D. dipsaci sensu strict was detected in bean fields (Saadi and Benbouza, 2018; Saadi, 2019; Saadi et al., 2019).
       
Saadi et al., (2019) reported for the first time the presence of Ditylenchus oncogenus on Vicia faba in Algeria.
       
The Citrus nematode Tylenchulus semipenetrans was reported in 1915. Surveys conducted in 1975, showed that T. semipenetrans is widely distributed on the main citrus plantation areas (Scotto La Massese et al., 1975).
       
The RKN Meloidogyne spp. has been reported by Delassus in 1928 in the horticultural areas of Mitidja. Recently Meloidogyne has been detected in almost all vegetable areas, they are also found in Oasis crop systems (Mokabli, 1988; Ouanouki and Ighili, 1988; Sellami et al., 1999; Hammache, 2010; Nebih Hadj-Sadok, 2013; Babaali, 2017; Benttoumi et al., 2020b). Hammache (2010) signalled the occurrence of  Meloidogyne incognita, M. javanica and M. arenaria in green houses (Hammache, 2010).
       
Concerning PCN, they were recorded for the first time by Frézal in 1953; in El-Harrach named at the time «Maison-Carrée» (Algiers) (Frezal, 1954). A year after, they were recorded along the Algerian coastal where potato was produced (Scotto la Massese, 1962). Our revision didn’t find papers on PCN for the period 1962 until late 1980s.  The first Engineering works was carried on mid 1990s at the INA. Surveys conducted from 1990s until today confirmed the distribution of PCN in most of potato producing regions (Masters and Engineering non published works; Tirchi, 2015; Mezerket, 2018; Djebroune, 2019; Benttoumi et al., 2020; Berrahia and Sellami, 2022). Both species Globodera pallida and G. rostochiensis occur in Algeria (Tirchi et al., 2016; Mezerket et al., 2018; Djebroune et al., 2021).
       
The CCN Heterodera avenae is reported in 1962 and 1975 (Scotto La Massese, 1962 and Lamberti et al., 1975). Surveys have revealed that  H. avenae species is common occurring in the main cereal-producing regions but other CCN were recorded H. latipons, H. mani, H. filipjevi and H. hordecalis (Mokabli, 2002; Haddadi, 2015; Labdelli, 2015; Tirchi et al., 2016; Righi Assia et al., 2019; Smaha et al., 2018a; Smaha et al., 2018b; Smaha et al., 2019, Rahim et al., 2020; Mehalaine et al., 2020). Heterodera carotae and Heterodera cruciferae were reported by Mehalaine et al., (2020) for the first time in Algeria.
       
Surveys undertaken by Di Vito et al., (1994) in North African countries including Algeria revealed the presence of several nematode species associated with chickpea, faba bean, lentil and pea. Root-lesion nematodes were the most widespread nematodes on all crops.
       
In the country, Pratylenchus penetrans was the common species damaging legume crops. Pratylenchus thornei, P. neglectus, P. crenatus, P. mediterraneus, Pratylenchoides leiocauda. Zygotylenchus guevarai and Meloidogyne artiellia were also reported.
       
The pea cyst nematode Heterodera goettingiana was reported by Lamberti and Dandria (1979) cited by Di Vito and Greco (1986) and Di Vito et al., (1994).
       
The lesion nematodes Pratylenchus penetrans occurred in Algerian oasis and is causing the decline complex of the date palm (Lamberti, 1973). Studies conducted by Lamberti et al., (1975) shown that P. penetrans, dagger nematode Xiphinema elongatum and needle nematode Longidorus congoensis were the most damaging nematodes for date palm in the country. They also reported Helicotylenchus, Pratylenchus, Rotylenchulus and Tylenchorhynchus in olive orchards. Troccoli et al., (1992) reported P. penetrans associated with date palm and P. thornei, P. pratensis, P. scribneri and P. neglectus were found in rhizosphere of cereals and vegetables crops.
       
During surveys conducted in vineyards from different regions of Algeria, several longidorid nematodes were recorded: Xiphinema, Longidorus and Paralongidorus (Dalmasso, 1969; Dalmasso and Cuany, 1969). Xiphinema sahelense and Paralongidorus epimikis have been described as new species by Dalmasso (1969). Dalmasso recorded also Paralongidorus maximus in 1969. During studies by Luc and Kostadinov (1981) in vineyards at the region of Mostaganem, Xiphinema algeriense has been described as a new species. Lamberti et al., (1992) described Xiphinema adenohystherum from Algeria as a new species. Other Xiphinema species were reported in Algerian vignards: X. italiae, X. index, X. pachtaicurn, X. sahelense, X. turcicum, X. americanum and X. revesi (Luc and Dalmasso, 1975; Luc and Kostadinov, 1981; Kostadinov, 1985; Smaha et al., 2023).
       
Further studies conducted on vegetable crops, vineyards, olives and in natural area reported the occurrence of: Helicotylenchus pseudorobustus and Hemicycliophora (Ouanouki and Ighili, 1988), Aglenchus, Amplimerlinus, Anguina, Aphelenchus, Aphelenchoides, Boleodorus, Criconema, Criconemoides, Hemicriconemoides, Coslenchus, Gracilacus, Globodera, Ditylenchus, Hoplolaimus, Helicotylenchus, Longidorus, Meloidogyne, Nothotylenchus, Paratrichodorus, Paratylenchus, Paratylenchoides, Pratylenchus, Psilencus, Rotylenchulus, Scutellonema, Tylenchorhynchus, Rotylenchus, Rotylenchulus, Tylenchus, Tylenchulus, Trichodorus, Telotylenchus, Trophorus and Xiphinema (Bounaceur et al., 2011; Nebih-Hadj-Sadok, 2013; Hoceini et al., 2014; Chafaa et al., 2014; Berrabah et al., 2014; Hoceini, 2015; Belahmar et al., 2015; Bissaad and Bounaceur, 2016; Berrabah, 2017; Hoceini et al., 2017) and Bursaphelenchus  which was detected for the first time in Algeria by Berrabah (2017).
       
Seeing back publications from the late 19th century until today, we appreciate that important research has been carried out on PPN and give a background for further research. PPN of economic importance have been recorded in Algeria. These nematodes are frequently a limiting factor on a wide range of crops commonly grown in the country, including economically important crops such as cereals, potato, date palm, olive etc.
 
International cooperation
 
The cooperation between Algerian researchers and European research institutes started during 1980-1990 and increased in 2000.
       
Teachers and researchers from Algerian universities are visiting European research institutes to learn nematological research techniques. Also, PhD students are visiting research institutes in order to support their PhD work. Algerian government is providing with grants for travels and accommodation, institutes from Italy, France, Spain, Germany, Portugal and Norway, have been open-handedness by receiving Algerians, in their laboratories without charge, training them and helping them to write papers. The visited institutes are: Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) in France, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) Bari, Italy, Institute of Research and Development (IRD), Montpellier, France, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Division of Biotechnology and Plant Health , Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, CSIC, Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible (IAS), Córdoba Spain, Carolina Cantalapiedra-Navarrete, Julius Kühn-Institut, Federal Research Centre of Cultivated Plants, Institute of Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, Germany  and Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, (INIAV). Oeiras-Portugal. Instituto de Investigación y Formación Agraria y Pesquera, IFAPA,  Almeria, Spain, Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Golkoy, Bolu, Turkey.
       
The international collaboration between Algerian universities and European institutes has been very productive; this could be perceived on publications where authors are Algerian and European. This collaboration could also be perceived as conferences, seminars and workshops organized in Algeria. During these events, European researchers have shared their experience with Algerian and contribute in training researchers, students and farmers. In addition, International collaboration has, assist Algerian researchers for their participation in conference and seminars organized in European countries.
       
However, this scientific collaboration is always temporary and implicates a good part of individual initiatives that brings only punctual collaboration. Therefore, there is a need for establishing a more formal and stable collaboration, through signed official conventions between the Algerian universities and research institutes of other countries.
 
Principal Algerian institutes contributing to nematology development
 
The nematological research in the country is conducted by universities, INRA (National Institute of Agronomic Research) and INPV (National Institute of Plant Protection). These institutes contribute also to the capacity building of farmers, advice them on PPN and help them to solve agricultural problems caused by these pests.
       
Universities are keen to teach and, prepare graduate students, who may later become specialists. INPV is in charge for management of quarantine and non-quarantine nematodes. It participates actively in advisory program for educating farmers. INPV and INRA host and mentor students to carry on their research work. These institutes participate in workshops, study days and seminaries on PPN organized by the universities around the country.
 
Place of nematology in Algerian universities
 
In the academic programs for agronomic sciences, Nematology is included in the programs placed on the “classical system”(engineering graduate teaching, magister and PhD in post studies) or in the new system LMD (License-Master- Doctorate).
       
In classical system: the second year of engineering, students have in the module of Zoology a section dedicated to nematodes and in the course of the fourth year students of the specialty Plant Protection- phytopathology, have a module entitled “Illnesses due to nematodes”. In LMD system: the program of the license of “Plant protection” contains a module entitled “The main animal bio-aggressors” that includes a chapter dedicated to nematode and for the licence of “Plant production” students have a module called “harmful nematodes”.
       
In our opinion, in Algerian universities the time used in nematology is insufficient; the courses offered are only an initiation in general nematology. There is a need to establish an appropriate nematology specialty. We noted also several limitations that obstruct the progress of this discipline, particularly the limited financial resources, shortage in scientific equipment in nematology. Therefore, further consideration needs to be given to the development of this discipline in Algerian universities.
Algerian agricultural nematology is characterized by three periods. The information collected concerning those periods indicates that, from the end of 19th century until today, reported 38 genera and 43 species of PPN, including nematodes of economic importance.
       
Research topics studied were morphological and molecular identification, geographical distribution, population densities, nematode communities and methodologies to management. However, there is a knowledge gap concerning the biology of main groups of nematodes under Algerian conditions; little is known about the effects of pathotypes, nematode virulence, plant resistance and economic impact produced.
       
Universities, National Institute of Plant Protection and the National Institute of Agronomical researchers have been contributing to nematological research. However, it is essential that the established collaboration expands. There is a need for increasing the international collaboration between Algerian universities and European research institutes by official conventions.
       
In Algerian universities effective teaching is critical for the development of nematology. In order to achieve this, the administration in charge of high education must provide the necessary input to improve nematological education.
       
There is also a need to create a group of Algerian working in plant nematology from universities and research Institutes including the National Institute of Agronomical Research and the National Institute of Plant protection. Periodical meeting of Algerian researchers, students working in nematological issues, possibly will encourage investigation on nematology subjects in Algeria; these gatherings could serve as a platform for resenting fresh outcomes, share experiences and for highlight topics of research.
       
Finally, it is important that the aspects on future research reflected all aspects of agricultural nematology in a more extended context that is plant protection and preservation of agrosystems.
The authors are very grateful to Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research and University Djilali Bounaama, Khemis Miliana, for their economic support, which has made possible the recent study and the preparation of this manuscript. Harmonizing the Agreement for inter-university cooperation No.03/12018", Between the University of Djilali Bounaama Khemis-Miliana (AIgeria) and the Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (Norway).
All authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

  1. Aoudia, H., Ntalli, N., Aissani, N., Yahiaoui-Zaidi, R., Caboni, P. (2012). Nematotoxic phenolic compounds from Melia azedarach against Meloidogyne incognita. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 60(47): 11675-11680. https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf3038874.

  2. Babaali, D. (2017). Etude de la dynamique des populations des nématodes à galles du genre Meloidogyne en Algérie: Essais de méthodes de luttes alternatives à la lutte chimique. Thèse Doctorat, ENSA, El-Harrach, Algérie. pp.205.

  3. Babaali, D., Roeb, J., Hammache, M.,Hallmann, J. (2017). Nematicidal potential of aqueous and ethanol extracts gained from Datura stramonium, D. innoxia and D. tatula on Meloidogyne  incognita. Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection. 124: 339-348. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41348-017-0079.

  4. Babaali, D., Berrabah, D.E., Serghine, R., Hammache, M., Doumandji, S. (2016). Comparative efficacy of two modes of applications of 1.3-Dichloropropene in the control of root-knot nematodes on two varieties of tomato, pepper and some weeds. Advances in Environmental Biology. 10(11): 51-60.

  5. Babaali, D., Roeb, J., Zaidat, S., Reguige, B., Hammache, M., Hallmann, J. (2021). Nematicidal activity of the tropane alkaloids hyoscyamine and scopolamine against the root- knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. Nematology. 23(7): 761-769. https://doi.org/10.1163/15685411-bja10074.

  6. Belahmar, M., Elkfel, F., Mihoub, M., Abdewahab, S., Mateille, M., Sellami, S. (2015). Plant parasitic nematodes associated with olive in Alegria. Acta Phytopathologica et Entomologica  Hungarcia. 50(2): 187-193. https://dx.doi.org/10.1556/ 038.50.2015.2.4.

  7. Benttoumi, N. (2022). Contribution à la recherche des antagonistes du nématode doré de la pomme de terre Globodera rostochiensis (wollenweber) et evaluation de l’activité nématicide de quelques isolats de champignons antagonistes à l’égard de ce bioagresseur.Thèse Doctorat, ENSA, El- Harrach, Algérie. pp.509.

  8. Benttoumi, N., Abba, M., Boureghda, H., Sellami, S. (2020a). Nematicidal activity of Trichoderma spp. and Fusarium oxysporum against the potato cyst nematode Globodera rostochiensis (Woll). Bioscience Research. 17(1): 499- 509.

  9. Benttoumi, N., Colagiero, M., Sellami, S., Boureghda, H., Keddad, A.,Ciancio, A. (2020b). Diversity of nematode microbial antagonists from Algeria shows occurrence of nematotoxic Trichoderma spp. Plants. 9(8): 941. doi: 10.3390/plants 9080941.

  10. Berrabah, D.E. (2017). La complexité des réseaux trophiques dans la réserve naturelle de Mergueb (Ain El Hadjel, M’sila). Thèse Doctorat, ENSA, El-Harrach, Algérie. pp.149. 

  11. Berrabah, D., Hammache, M., Hoceini, F. (2014). Etude de la diversité des nématodes phytophages de cultures maraichères et l’effet de rotation sur leur développement dans le nord de l’Algérie. Revue des Régions Arides - Numéro Spécial - n°3.

  12. Berrabah, D., Hoceini, F., Babaali, D., Doumandji-Mitiche, B., Doumandji, S., Nebih, D., Abdessamad, A. (2016). The first study of the nematode communities associated with medicinal plants in Algeria. Advances in Environmental Biology. 10(9): 246-253.

  13. Berrahia, S. and Sellami, S. (2022). Life cycle of potato cyst nematode, Globodera rostochiensis and effect of population densities on potato growth and yield in Algeria. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology. 24(4): 977-988.

  14. Bissaad, F.Z. and Bounaceur, F. (2016). Study of nematodes associated with the vegetable crops in some localities in Tiaret (West of Algeria). Scientific PapersSeries A. Agronomy, Vol. LIX.

  15. Bounaceur, F., Safiddine, F., Abedelli, M., NebihHadj-Sadok, D., Bissaad, F.Z. (2011). Contribution to the knowledge of nematodes genera in northernvineyards of Algeria. Annals of Biological Research. 2(3): 297-306.

  16. Chafaa, S., SI Bachir A., Boukhadra, M., Achi, A. (2014). Inventaire et dynamique globale du peuplement des nématodes phytoparasites (Nematoda: Secernentea) de l’olivier (Olea europeae) dans une région aride du Nord-Est de l’Algérie. Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences. 23(3): 3637-3645.

  17. Dalmasso, A. (1969). Anatomical studies and taxonomy of the genera Xiphinema, Longidorus and Paralongidorus (Nematoda:  Dorylaimidae). Mémoires Muséum Nationale D’Histoire Naturelle, Série. A, Zoologie. 61(2): 33-82.

  18. Dalmasso, A. and Cuany, A. (1969). Importance of soil transmission of’ infectious degeneration’ of vines in Algiers. Plant Protection Bulletin, FAO. 17(3): 58-60.

  19. Debray, F. and  Maupas, E. (1896). Le Tylenchus devastatrix Künh et la maladie vermiculaire des fèves en Algérie. Algérie Agricole. pp.55.

  20. Djebroune, A. (2019). Etude de la bioécologie des nématodes à kystes du genre Globodera inféodés à la culture de pomme de terre. Thèse Doctorat, ENSA, El-Harrach, Algérie. pp.163. 

  21. Djebroune, A., Mokabli, A., Hammache, M., Chakali, G. (2020). Effects of potato cyst nematodes on three potato varieties in Algeria. Pakistan Journal of Zoology. 52(4): 1341. https://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.jz/20180523150551.

  22. Djebroune, A., Chakali, G., de Andrade, E., Camacho, M.J., Rusinque, L., Inácio, M.L. (2021). Integrative morphometric and molecular approach to update the impact and distribution of potato cyst nematodes Globodera rostochiensis and Globodera pallida (Tylenchida: Heteroderidae) in Algeria. Pathogens. 10(2): 216. https://doi.org/10.3390/athogens 10020216.

  23. Djerroudi-Zidane, O., Eddoud, A., Kellili, M. (2011). Effet des extraits aqueux de végétaux sur les nématodes phytoparasites du genre Meloidogyne spp. Revue des BioRessources. 1(2): 49-54.

  24. Djerroudi-Zidane, O. and Sellami, S. (2017). Effects of soil solarization and sincocin treatments for controlling Meloidogyne javanica (Nematoda: Meloidogynidae) in eggplant (Solanum melongena L.). International Journal of Sciences and Research. 73(12): 271-279. http://dx.doi.org/10.21506/ j.onte.2017.12.18.

  25. Djetti, T. (2019). Répartition spatio-temporelle des nématodes à kystes des céréales en Algérie : Effet du parasite sur les paramètres du rendement de blé dur. Thèse Doctorat, ENSA, El-Harrach, Algérie. pp.161.

  26. Djetti, T., Hammache, M., Doumandji, S. (2018). Incidence and geographical distribution of the cereal cyst nematode (CCN, Heterodera spp.) in winter wheat fields in Algeria. Arxius de Miscel·lània Zoològica. 16: 151-162.http:// dx.doi.org/10.17632/rtsbcn6k9y.2.

  27. Di Vito, M. And Greco, N. (1986). The Pea Cyst Nematode. In: Cyst nematodes. [Lamberti F., Taylor C. E. (eds)]. Boston, MA: Springer US. pp. 321-332.

  28. Di Vito, M., Greco, N., Halila, H. M., Mabsoute, L., Labdi, M., Beniwal, S.P.S., Saxena, M.C., Singh, K.B.,Soiji, M.B. (1994). Nematodes of cool-season food legumes in North Africa. Nematologia Mediterranea. 22: 3-10.

  29. El-Sagheer, A.M. (2019). Plant Responses to Phytonematodes Infestations. In: Plant Health Under Biotic Stress [Ansari R.A., Mahmood I. (eds.)]. Springer, Singapore. pp.161-175.

  30. Frézal, P. (1954). Importance et répercussions de la contamination de l’Algérie par le nématode doré (Heterodera rostochiensis  Wooll. [Woll.]. Comptes rendus de l’Académie d’agriculture  de France. 40: 71-74.

  31. Haddadi, F. (2015). Les nématodes à kyste Heterodera spp. des céréales en Algérie : Études sur la distribution, les espèces, les pathotypes et les antagonistes. Thèse Doctorat, ENSA, El-Harrach, Algérie. pp.150.

  32. Haddadi, F., Mokabli, A., Smiley, R.W. (2013). Characterization of virulence reactions for Heterodera avenae populations from two localities in Algeria. Phytoparasitica. 41: 449- 456. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12600-013-0308-y.

  33. Hammache, M. (2010). Influence de quelques types de sols algériens sur le développement des nématodes à galles; Meloidogyne incognita, M. javanica et M. arenaria (Tylenchida, Meloidogynidae). Lebanese Science Journal. 11: 47-61.

  34. Hammache, M. (2012). Bioécologie des nématodes à galles du genre Meloidogyne (Tylenchida, Meloidogynidae) sous serres en Algérie: Amélioration des méthodes de lutte par la résistance culturale. Thèse Doctorat, ENSA, El- Harrach, Algérie. pp.107.

  35. Hoceini, F. (2015). Etude des cochenilles et des nématodes inféodés au genre Vitis dans les zones viticoles en Algérie. Thèse Doctorat, ENSA, El-Harrach, Algérie. pp.108.

  36. Hoceini, F., Bounaceur, F., Berrabah, D., Hoceini, A., Doumandji- Mitiche, B. and Nebih, D. (2014).  Diversité et structure trophique des nématodes dans quelques zones viticoles en Algérie. AFPP - Dixième Conférence Internationale Sur Les Ravageurs En Agriculture, Montpellier-22 et 23 octobre 2014.

  37. Hoceini, F., Bounaceur, F., Berrabah, D., Nebih, D., Doumandji- Mitiche, B. (2017). Effect of the edaphic environment on the diversity and trophical structure of the nematodes of Algerian viticultural soils. Advances in Environmental Biology. 11(2): 27-34.

  38. Hoceini, F., Bounaceur, F., Nebih, D., Berrabah, D., Hoceini, A., Baba, A.D. and Doumandji-Mitiche, B. (2016). Structure trophique et répartition géographique des nématodes associés à la vigne en Algérie. Revue Écologie-Environnement.  12: 68-75.

  39. Holgado, R. and Magnusson, C. (2012). Nematodes as a limiting factor in potato production in Scandinavia. Potato Research. 55(3-4): 269-278.

  40. Kostadinov, A. (1985). Diversité des espèces et distribution des nématodes du genre Xiphinema Cobb 1913 (Nematoda: Longidoridae) dans le vignoble en Algérie. Helmintologiâ (Sofiâ). 20: 39-44.

  41. Kumar, Y. and Yadav, B.C. (2020). Plant-parasitic nematodes: Nature’s most successful plant parasite. International Journal of Information Research Review. 7(3): 379-386.

  42. Labdelli, F. (2015). Etude du nématode à kyste Heterodera avenae Wollenweber, 1924 (Tylenchida, Heterodiridae) des céréales dans la région de Tiaret. Thèse Doctorat, Université de Tiaret, Algérie. pp.170.

  43. Labdelli, F., Adamou-Djerbaoui, M., Oulbachir, K., Allel, A. (2017). Behavior of cereal’s varieties in the presence of Heterodera avenae Woll (Heteroderidae, Tylenchida) cyst nematode in Tiaret area (Algeria). Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences. 9(3): 1378-1394. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.4314/jfas.v9i3.9.

  44. Labdelli, F., Adamou-Djerbaoui, M., Mokabli, A., Oulbachir, K., Bouabdelli, B.N. (2014). Influence of edaphical parameters  on infestation rate of cystic nematode of cereals Heterodera avenae in the region of Tiaret (Algeria). International Journal of Bio-Technology and Research. 4(6): 21-32. 

  45. Lamberti, F. (1973). Presenza di Pratylenchus penetrans in Algeria su palme da dattero in deperimento. Nematologia Mediterranea. 1: 63-65. https://doi.org/10.1163/187529292X00388.

  46. Lamberti, F., Greco, N., Zaouchi, H. (1975). A nematological survey of date palm and other major crops in Algeria. FAO Plant Protection Bulletin. 23(5): 156-160.

  47. Lamberti, F., Castillo, P., Gomez-Barcina, A., Agostinelli, A. (1992). Description of six species of Xiphinema (Nematoda, Dorylaimida) from the Mediterranean region. Nematologia Mediterranea. 20(1): 125-139. 

  48. Lounici-Belahmer, M. (2018). Contribution à l’étude des communautés  de nématodes inféodées à la culture de l’olivier (Olea europaea L.). Thèse Doctorat, ENSA, El-Harrach, Algérie. pp.169.

  49. Luc, M. and Dalmasso, A. (1975). Considerations on the genus Xiphinema Cobb, 1913 (Nematoda: Longidoridae) and a “lattice” for the identification of species. Cahiers-ORSTOM.  Série Biologie. X: 303-327.

  50. Luc, M. and Kostadinov, A. (1981). Xiphinema algeriense n. sp. (Nematoda, Longidoridae). Bulletin du Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris. 3: 777-781.

  51. Manolache, C. and Romascu, E. (1973). Plant parasitic nematode found associated with cultivated plants in Rumania, present status and research perspectives. Bulletin du Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris. 1(2): 73-82.

  52. Mehalaine, K. (2021). Etude des nématodes à kystes des céréales du genre Heterodera dans les régions du nord de l’Algérie.  Essai de comportement de 4 variétés de blé dur vis-à- vis de ce nématode. Thèse Doctorat, INA, El-Harrach, Algérie. pp.175. 

  53. Mehalaine, K., Imren, M., Özer, G., Hammache, M., Dababat, A.A. (2020). Molecular identification and phylogenetic diversity of cereal cyst nematodes (Heterodera spp.) populations from Algeria. Nematropica. 50: 134-143.

  54. Mekhaneg, A., Benkhelifa, M., Rata, M., Antoniolli, Z.I. (2022). Effects of soil salinity on cereal cyst nematodes (Heterodera) and potato golden nematodes (Globodera). Plant Archives.  22(2): 235-244.

  55. Mezerket, A. (2018). Bio écologie des nématodes dorés de la pomme de terre du genre Globodera dans quelques régions de l’Algérie. Essais de mise au point de luttes alternatives à la lutte chimique. Thèse Doctorat, ENSA, El-Harrach, Algérie. pp.193.

  56. Mezerket, A., Hammache, M., Cantalapiedra-Navarrete, C., Castillo, P., Palomares-Rius, J.E. (2018). Prevalence, identification  and molecular variability of potato cyst nematodes in Algeria. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology. 20(6): 1293-1305.

  57. Mokabli, A. (1988). Principaux facteurs qui déterminent l’importance et l’agressivité des Meloidogyne sous abris serres. Annales de l’Institut National Agronomique d’El-Harrach. 12(no spécial): 202-219.

  58. Mokabli, A. (2002). Biologie des nématodes à kystes (Heterodera) des céréales en Algérie. Virulence de quelques populations à l’égard de diverses variétés et lignées de céréales. Thèse Doctorat, INA, El-Harrach, Algérie. pp.66.

  59. Mokabli, A., Valette, S., Rivoal, R. (2001a). Variation de quelques espèces de nématodes à kystes des céréales et des graminées par électrophorèse sur gel d’acétate de cellulose. Nematologia Mediterranea. 29: 103-108.

  60. Mokabli, A., Valette, S., Gauthier, J.P., Rivoal, R. (2001b). Influence of the temperature on the hatch of Heterodera avenae Woll. Populations from Algeria. Nematology. 3(2): 171- 178.

  61. Mokabli, A., Valette, S., Gauthier, J., Rivoal, R. (2002). Variation in virulence of cereal cyst nematode populations from North Africa and Asia. Nematology. 4(4): 521-525.

  62. Morsli, S. (2018). Proposition d’un modèle de culture biologique Tomate/Datura et effet des biopesticides (métabolites secondaires) sur les bioagresseurs. Thèse Doctorat, ENSA, El-Harrach, Algérie. pp.102.

  63. Mugniéry, D. and Zaouchi, H. (1973). Réalisation de lutte intégrée en Algérie contre les nématodes dorés de la pomme de terre, Conférence O.E.P.P. sur Heterodera rostochiensis. Aarhus. pp. 9-11.

  64. NebihHadj-Sadok, D. (2013). Etude de la diversité des communautés de nématodes associée aux cultures maraichères. Thèse Doctorat, Université Saad Dahlab, Blida, Algérie.  pp.176.

  65. Nebih Hadj-Sadok, D. and Charif, F. (2019). Toxicity of plant extracts on larvae (L2) of potato cyst nematode Globodera spp. (Nematoda, Heteroderidae). Agrobiologia. 9(1): 1234- 1241.

  66. Nebih Hadj-Sadok, D., Belkahla, H., El Aimouche, Z. (2011). Variations temporelles et structure trophique des communautés de nématodes associées à la culture de chou (Brassica oleracea) en Algérie. Nematologia Mediterranea. 39: 29-34.

  67. Nebih Hadj-Sadok, D., Kheir, N., Belkahla, H. (2014). Effet des extraits aqueux de deux espèces d’armoise algérienne (Artemisia herba alba et Artemisia judaica) in vitro sur les larves (L2) de Meloidogyne. Agrobiologia. 6: 82-87.

  68. Ouanouki, F. andIghili, H. (1988). Inventaire des nématodes phytophages sur cultures maraîchères et sur palmier dattier dans la région d’Ouargla. Annales de l’Institut National Agronomique d’El-Harrach. 12 (no spécial): 184-201.

  69. Prot, J.C. (1984). Introduction à la  nématologie. Office de Recherche Scientifique et Technique Outre-Mer, Centre de Dakar- Hann, Sénégal.

  70. Rahim, Z. (2021). Etude des nématodes à kystes «Heterodera» inféodés aux céréales et aux  légumineuses dans la région de Médéa. Thèse Doctorat, ENSA, El-Harrach, Algérie. pp.187.

  71. Rahim, Z., Mokabli, A., Hammache, M.,Tirchi, N. (2020). Study of the infestation of durum wheat with cyst nematodes of genus “Heterodera” in two localities (Medea, Algeria). Plant Archives. 20(1): 2626-2631.

  72. Righi, K. (2016). Bioécologie des nématodes à kystes «Heterodera» inféodés aux cultures céréalières et aux Graminées sauvages dans l’ouest algérien. Thèse Doctorat, Université  de Mascara, Algérie. pp. 164. 

  73. Righi, K., Mokabli, A., Assia, F. (2015). Biocide effect of Fusarium solani and Penicillium spp. Against the cereals cyst nematode “Heterodera avenae”. Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical  Research. 7(3): 2434-2439.

  74. Righi, K., Assia Righi, F., Mokabli, A., Madani, F. Z. (2016). Study of natural antagonists of cereals cyst nematode “Heterodera avenae” in Algeria. Journal of Applied Environmental and Biological Sciences. 6(6): 28-35.

  75. Righi Assia, F., Righi, K., Boungab, K., Mokabli, A. (2019). Étude de l’infestation des céréales par les nématodes à kyste «Heterodera spp.» et distribution des espèces en cause dans l’Ouest de l’Algérie. Cahiers Agricultures. 28: 17. https://doi.org/10.1051/cagri/2019017.

  76. Saadi, I. (2019). Essai d’identification des sources de résistance a des populations de Ditylenchus dipsaci chez quelques variétés locales de Vicia faba L. en Algérie. Thèse Doctorat,  Université de Biskra, Algérie. pp.119.

  77. Saadi, I. and Benbouza, H. (2018). Première caractérisation morphométrique de Ditylenchus gigas n.sp. dans la région de Biskra. Courier du Savoir. 26: 169-174.

  78. Saadi, I., De Luca, F., Fanelli, E., Troccoli, A., Greco, N., Benbouza, H. (2019). Morpho-molecular characterization of Ditylenchus gigas and D. oncogenus parasiting broad bean, Vicia faba, in Algeria. European Journal of Plant Pathology. 155: 505-513. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-019-01784-1.

  79. Sabri, K., Mokabli, A., Mokrini, F., Khayi, S., Laasli, S.E., Smaha, D., Lahlali, R., Hammach, M., Serier Bouchenack, N., Hadj-Sadok, D.N. (2022). Diversity of nematophagous fungi associated with vegetable crops in Northern Algeria.  Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection. 55(4): 405-419.

  80. Scotto La Massèse, C. (1961). Aperçu sur les problèmes posés par les nématodes phytoparasites en Algérie. Journée d’Etude et d’Information. Association de Coordination Technique Agricole, F.N.G.P.C., Paris. pp. 1-27.

  81. Scotto La Massèse, C. (1962). Aperçu Sur Les Problèmes Posés Par Les Nématodes Phytoparasites en Algérie. In: Les nématodes. Paris, France: Association de Coordination Technique Agricole. pp. 83-109.

  82. Scotto La Massèse, C., Vassy, R., Zaouchi, H. (1973). Elimination de Tylenchulus semipenetrans par des apports azotes appliqués à des clémentiniers greffés sur bigaradiers. Nematologia Mediterranea.

  83. Scotto La Massèse, C., Vassy, R., Zaouchi, H. (1975). Influence of three rootstocks on the yield of two citrus varieties in Algeria and on infestation by Tylenchulus semipenetrans. Nematologia Mediterranea. 3(1): 29-34.

  84. Sellami, S. and Bousnina, Z. (1996). Distribution de Ditylenchus dipsaci (Kuhn) Filipjev 1936 dans l’Est Algérien. Réhabilitation of Fababean. Ed. Actes Rabat (Maroc). pp. 202. 

  85. Sellami, S. and Zemmouri, H. (2001). Effect of Tagete serecta on the mortality, hatching and development of Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White) Chitwood. Acta Phytopathologica et Entomologica Hungarica. 36(3-4): 383-387.

  86. Sellami, S., Mezrket, A.,Dahmane, T. (2010). Activité nématicide de quelques huiles essentielles contre Meloidogyne incognita. Nematologia Mediterranea. 38: 195-201.

  87. Sellami, S., Lounici, M., Eddoud, A., Benseghir, H. (1999).  Distribution and host plants of Meloidogyne in plastic houses in Algeria. Nematologia Mediterranea. 27: 295-301.

  88. Sellami, S., Bentoumi, N., Berrahia, S., Boureghda, H. (2017). Evaluation of antagonistic activity of Trichoderma spp. against Meloidogyne incognita. Acta Phytopathologica et Entomologica Hungarica. 52(2): 177-184.

  89. Shah, M.M. and Mahamood, M.D. (2017). Nematology. Intech Open Access Publisher, Croatia. pp.190.

  90. Smaha, D., Mokabli, A., Doumandji, S. (2014). Influence of bersim Trifoliumal exandrinum L. (Fabaceae forage) on the development of Heterodera avenae population woll, 1924 in Algeria. International Journal of Zoology. 4(4): 79-86.

  91. Smaha, D. and Mokabli, A. (2017). Effect of soil temperature on juvenile emergence of Algerian populations of Heterodera avenae. Advances in Environmental Biology. 11(2): 98-102.

  92. Smaha, D., Mokrini, F., Imren, M., Mokabli, A., Dababat, A.A. (2018a). First report ofcereal cyst nematode (Heterodera filipjevi) on wheat in Algeria. Plant Disease. 102(9): 1860. https://doi.org/10.1094/pdis-1-217-2003-pdn.

  93. Smaha, D., Mokrini, F., Ýmren, M., Mokabli, A., Dababat, A.A. (2018b). First report of Heterodera hordecalis, a cereal cyst nematode, on wheat in Algeria. Plant Disease. 102(10): 2042. https://doi.org/10.1094/pdis-12-17-1965-pdn.

  94. Smaha, D., Mokrini, F., Ýmren, M., Mokabli, A., Dababat, A.A. (2019). Morphological and molecular identification of cyst nematode species (Heterodera spp.) in Algerian cereal fields. Journal of Plant Protection Research. 59(3): 400- 411. http://dx.doi.org/10.24425/jppr.2019.130809.

  95. Smaha, D., Mokrini, F., Daoudi-Assous, R., Adimi, A., Mokabli, A., Dababat, A.A. (2020). Les antagonistes naturels d’Heterodera avenae dans diverses conditions de cultures de céréales en Algérie. Revue Marocaine des Sciences Agronomiques  et Vétérinaire. 8(1): 78-84. 

  96. Smaha, D., Mokrini, F. Laasli S.E., Hamel, A., Khayi, K.S., Iraqi, D., Lahlali, R., Dababat, A.A. (2023). First report of the dagger nematodes Xiphinema index and Xiphinem apachtaicum on grapevine in Algeria. Nematropica. 53 :67-69.

  97. Smaha, D., Mokrini, F. Laasli S.E., Hamel A., Khayi, K.S., Iraqi, D., Lahlali, R., Dababat, A.A. (2023). First report of the dagger nematodes Xiphinema index and Xiphinem apachtaicum on grapevine in Algeria. Nematropica. 53: 67-69.

  98. Tirchi, N. (2015). Etude de la bio écologie des nématodes à kystes du genre Globodera inféodés à la culture de pomme de terre dans la plaine du Haut-Chéliff. Thèse Doctorat, ENSA, El-Harrach, Algérie. pp.139.

  99. Tirchi, N., Mokabli, A., Mouhouche, F. (2015). The vertical distribution of potato cyst nematodes in Ain Defla (Algeria). International  Journal of Agricultural Science Research. 5(1): 1-9.

  100. Tirchi, N., Troccoli, A., Fanelli, E., Mokabli, A., Mouhouche, F., De Luca, F. (2016). Morphological and molecular identification of potato and cereal cyst nematode isolates from Algeria and their phylogenetic relationships with other populations from distant geographical areas. European Journal of Plant Pathology. 146: 861-880. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/ s10658-016-0965-z.

  101. Tirchi, N., Mokabli, A., Troccoli, A., De Luca, F., Fanelli, E. (2017). Distribution and identification of potato cyst nematodes from Ain Defla region, Algeria. Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences. G. Microbiology. 9(3): 9-20. DOI: 10.21608/EAJBSG.2017.16323.

  102. Trabut, L. (1915). Dépérissement des Orangers causé par un Nématode (Tylenchulus semipenetrans). CR Acad Agric France. I: 222. 

  103. Troccoli, A. and Di Vito, M. (2002). Root lesion and stem nematodes associated with fababean in North Africa. Nematologia Mediterranea. 30: 79-81.

  104. Troccoli, A., Lamberti, F., Greco, N. (1992). Pratylenchus species occurring in Algeria (Nematoda Pratylenchidae). Nematologia  Mediterranea. 20(1): 97-103.

  105. Zaidat, S.A.E. (2021). Distribution, identification, et application d’une méthode alternative de lutte contre le nématode à galles du genre Meloidogyne (Kofoidan White) Chitwood dans le littoral algérois. Thèse Doctorat, ENSA, El-Harrach, Algérie. pp.88.

  106. Zaidat, S.A.E., Mouhouche, F., Babaali, D., Abdessemed, N., De Cara, M.,Hammache, M. (2020). Nematicidal activity of aqueous and organic extracts of local plants against Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White) Chitwood in Algeria under laboratory and greenhouse conditions. Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control. 30(1): 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41938-020-00242-z.

Editorial Board

View all (0)