Indian Journal of Agricultural Research

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Research Article

Indian Journal of Agricultural Research, volume 54 issue 2 (april 2020) : 247-251

Variability, Heritability and Genetic Advance for Yield and Yield Attributing Characters in Cluster Bean [Cyamopsis Tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.] Genotypes

Bakang Kedumetse Kgasudi1,*, G. Kranthi Rekha1, K. Uma Jyothi1, K. Sasikala1
1Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, Dr. YSR Horticultural University, Venkataramannagudem, West Godavari- 534 101, Andhra Pradesh, India.
Cite article:- Kgasudi Kedumetse Bakang, Rekha Kranthi G., Jyothi Uma K., Sasikala K. (2019). Variability, Heritability and Genetic Advance for Yield and Yield Attributing Characters in Cluster Bean [Cyamopsis Tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.] Genotypes . Indian Journal of Agricultural Research. 54(2): 247-251. doi: 10.18805/IJARe.A-5362.

ABSTRACT

The present investigation was carried out with 56 cluster bean genotypes during kharif 2018. The investigation was conducted to study the variability, heritability and genetic advance expressed as per cent of mean for yield and yield attributing characters in cluster bean genotypes. The genotypes were significantly different for all the characters studied, which indicated scope for further genetic studies. High values of PCV with correspondingly high values of GCV were observed in plant spread, number of branches per plant, average weight of 50 pods and pod length which indicated greater extent of variability that could be ascribed to genotype. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance as per cent of mean was recorded in plant height, plant spread, number of branches per plant, internodal length, number of pods per cluster, average weight of 50 pods, pod length, 100 seed weight, pod yield per plant and protein content of pods.

INTRODUCTION

A large number of underexploited leguminous crops have a great potential in contributing nutritious food and forage needs in the tropical countries; as almost half of the population is malnourished. Exploitation of under-utilized vegetables, which are resilient and adaptive, is highly essential in this regard. There is a global concern on shrinking food base and new crops need to be encouraged to fit into changing food habits, life styles and above all climate change and one of such crops is cluster bean.
       
Cluster bean [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub] is also known as guar bean, has a chromosome number of 2n= 2x=14. It is an arid legume crop, mostly cultivated in the arid and semi-arid areas as it is drought tolerant. Being a short duration crop, it holds immense potential to generate better economic returns to the growers from marginal land holdings with a huge production. It is tolerant to adverse conditions and suited to marginal lands with poor crop management practices.
       
Cluster bean is rich in dietary fibre, potassium and folate which protect the heart from various cardiovascular complications. It is a reservoir of different amino acids including glutamine, arginine, aspartic acid and leucine. Iron and calcium present in cluster bean helps in strengthening the bones. It also works as a good laxative, stimulating bowel movement, improving digestive system and help in flushing out unwanted chemicals (Anandhi and Oommen, 2006).
       
The magnitude of variability present in a population is of utmost importance as it provides the basis for effective selection. The basic understanding of the magnitude of genetic variability and its genetic components is a pre-requisite for the planning of breeding programme. Generally, genotypic coefficient of variability (GCV) and phenotypic coefficient of variability (PCV) are measured to study the variability. Since the observed variability in a population is the sum of variation arising due to the genotypic and environmental effects, knowledge on the nature and magnitude of genetic variation contributing to gain under selection is essential (Panchta et al., 2017).
       
The success of improvement of characters through selection depends on the heritability coupled with its genetic advance. Once the relative amount of variability in population is assessed, it becomes necessary to partition the overall variability into heritable and non-heritable components. Magnitude of heritability indicates the effectiveness with which selection of genotypes can be based on phenotypic performance. Burton (1952) suggested that heritability along with GCV would provide a clear idea about the amount of genetic advance expected through selection. High value of heritability indicates that phenotype of the trait strongly reflects the genotype and suggests the major role of genotypic constitution in the expression of the character. Such traits are considered dependable from breeding point of view.
       
Therefore, the present investigation was conducted to understand these parameters, which form an integral part of a programme for making improvements in cluster bean yield and its contributing characters.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

An investigation was carried out at College of Horticulture, Dr. Y.S.R. Horticultural University, Venkataramannagudem, West Godavari district during kharif season of 2018 by using 56 cluster bean genotypes (Table 1). The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with two replications. Each genotype was sown at 45 cm x 15 cm row to row and plant to plant distance, respectively. Optimum management practices were followed uniformly for raising the crop.
 

Table 1: List of cluster bean genotypes used in the present study.


       
Observations from five randomly selected plants of each genotype in each replication were recorded from the characters viz., plant height (cm), plant spread (cm), number of branches per plant, leaf area (cm2), internodal length (cm), days to flower initiation, days to 50% flowering, days to first harvest, number of clusters per plant, number of pods per cluster, average weight of 50 pods (g), pod length (cm), pod girth (mm), number of seeds per pod, 100 seed weight (g), pod yield per plant (g) and protein content of pods. The mean data were analysed for estimation of phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variability (PCV and GCV) according to the methods of Burton (1952). Heritability in broad sense (h2b) and genetic advance as per cent of mean (GAM %) of traits were calculated according to the methods of Allard (1960).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The analysis of variance showed that the genotypes differed significantly among themselves for all the characters indicating the presence of adequate variability (Table 2). In the present investigation, phenotypic coefficient of variation was higher than corresponding genotypic coefficient of variation indicating the influence of environmental factors in the expression of these characters (Imrei and Butler, 2005). Results were estimated and presented in Table 3.
 

Table 2: Analysis of variance for different characters in cluster bean genotypes.


 

Table 3: Estimates of genetic parameters in cluster bean genotypes.


       
High GCV was observed for plant spread (25.34%), number of branches per plant (53.44%), average weight of 50 pods (43.69%) and pod length (21.34%). This indicated greater extent of variability that could be ascribed to genotype. This results are in confirmation with findings by Saini et al., (2010) who recorded high estimates of GCV in different characters of cluster bean genotypes. Kumar et al., (2015) observed high GCV for number of pods per cluster and number of pods per plant.
       
Plant height (11.07%), internodal length (16.94%), number of pods per cluster (11.02%), 100 seed weight (14.45%), pod yield per plant (16.84%) and protein content of pods (12.77%) recorded moderate GCV whereas, low GCV was observed in leaf area (4.41%), days to flower initiation (2.19%), days to 50% flowering (2.75%), days to first harvest (4.38%), number of clusters per plant (6.18%), pod girth (7.85%) and number of seeds per pod (7.11%). This indicated limited scope for improvement of these traits due to low magnitude of variability. These results are in line with the findings of Anandhi and Oommen (2006) reported low GCV for days to 50% flowering, Panchta et al., (2017) reported moderate GCV in plant height, number of pods per plant and 100 seed weight. Contrary to the present findings, Rishita (2018) recorded moderate GCV in leaf area and number of clusters per plant.
       
High PCV was observed in plant spread (25.87%), number of branches per plant (58.81%), average weight of 50 pods (45.96%) and pod length (22.30%). This indicated the presence of high degree of genetic variation and ample scope for improvement of these characters through selection. Similar results were reported in earlier findings of Vir and Singh (2015) and Panchta et al., (2017).
       
Moderate PCV was shown by plant height (12.25%), internodal length (19.66%), number of pods per cluster (11.33%), pod girth (15.79%), 100 seed weight (14.45%), pod yield per plant (20.50%) and protein content of pods (12.77%). The lowest PCV was recorded in leaf area (4.51%), days to flower initiation (4.53%), days to 50% flowering (4.73%), days to first harvest (4.64%), number of clusters per plant (10.37%) and number of seeds per pod (7.17%). This indicates low variability for these characters which is the constraint for genetic improvement through selection. Contrary to the findings of Bhatkodle et al., (2014) who observed moderate PCV in days to first flowering, days to 50% flowering and pod girth. Similar results were observed by Kumar and Ram (2015) and reported moderate PCV in plant height, Rishita (2018) recorded moderate PCV in pod girth.
       
High values of PCV with correspondingly high values of GCV were observed in plant spread (25.87%, 25.34%), number of branches per plant (58.81%, 53.44%), average weight of 50 pods (45.96%, 43.69%) and pod length (22.30%, 21.34%) in the present study which indicated greater extent of variability that could be ascribed to genotype. Such a closer PCV and GCV for different characters were earlier reported by Jitendar et al., (2014) and Vir and Singh (2015).
       
Low PCV and GCV estimates were observed in leaf area (4.51%, 4.41%), days to flower initiation (4.53%, 2.19%), days to 50% flowering (4.73%, 2.75%), days to first harvest (4.64%, 4.38%), number of clusters per plant (10.37%, 6.18%) and number of seeds per pod (7.17%, 7.11%) indicating low variability for these characters which is the constraint for genetic improvement through selection inspite the fact that the character expression is largely decided by genotype. Similar results were reported Reddy et al., (2018) and Rishita (2018).
       
However the PCV recorded in the present experiment was higher than GCV for all the characters, though closeness between PCV and GCV were recorded for some characters. These results shows that, there is an abundant scope of improvement through selection as it has been indicated that phenotypic expression of all genotypes is mostly under genetic control and environment has slight to moderate influence. Similar findings were reported by Preeti and Prasad (2018).
       
In the present investigation, high estimates of heritability was observed for plant height (82.00%), plant spread (96.00%), number of branches per plant (100.00%), leaf area (95.00%), internodal length (74.00%), days to first harvest (89.00%), number of pods per cluster (95.00%), average weight of 50 pods (90.00%), pod length (92.00%), number of seeds per pod (98.00%), 100 seed weight (100.00%), pod yield per plant  (68.00%) and protein content of pods (100.00%). These results were in line with the findings of Kumar et al., (2015).
       
High values of genetic advance as per cent of mean were obtained in plant height (20.61%), plant spread (51.36%), number of branches per plant (109.34%), internodal length (30.08%), number of pods per cluster (22.07%), average weight of 50 pods (85.56%), pod length (42.04%), 100 seed weight (29.76%), pod yield per plant (28.50%) and protein content of pods (26.30%). The results are in line with the findings of Reddy et al., (2018).
       
In the present experiment high heritability coupled with high genetic advance as per cent of mean was recorded in plant height (82.00%, 20.61%), plant spread (96.00%, 51.36%), number of branches per plant (100.00%, 109.34%), internodal length (74.00%, 30.08%), number of pods per cluster (95.00%, 22.07%), average weight of 50 pods (90.00%, 85.56%), pod length (92.00%, 42.04%), 100 seed weight (100.00%, 29.76%), pod yield per plant (68.00%, 28.50%) and protein content of pods (100.00%, 26.30%). These results are in agreement with the findings of Jitendar et al., (2014) in cluster bean.
       
According to Panse and Sukhatme (1967), the characters with high heritability coupled with high genetic advance as per cent of mean were controlled by additive gene action and therefore amenable to improvement through selection. So the selection of phenotypically superior plants with respect to the discussed characters will result in significant improvement in the next generation.
       
High heritability accompanied by moderate genetic advance as per cent of mean was observed in number of seeds per pod (98.00%, 14.52%). This indicates the influence of non-additive gene action and considerable influence of environment on the expression of this trait. This trait could be exploited through manifestation of dominance and epistatic components through heterosis breeding. These results are in line with the findings of Santhosha et al., (2017) and Rishita (2018).
       
High heritability with low genetic advance as per cent of mean was observed in leaf area (95.00%, 8.86%) and days to first harvest (89.00%, 8.53%). It is an indicative of non-additive gene action and high heritability is being exhibited due to favourable influence of environment rather than genotype and selection for such traits may not be rewarding. These results were similar with findings of Rishita (2018) in cluster bean.
       
Low values of heritability accompanied with low genetic advance as per cent of mean were recorded in days to flower initiation (23.00%, 2.18%) and pod girth (25.00%, 8.04%). This indicated that the characters are highly influenced by environmental effects and selection would be ineffective. Contrary to these results Rishita (2018) reported high heritability with low genetic advance as per cent of mean in days to 50% flowering whereas pod girth was reported to have high heritability and moderate genetic advance as per cent of mean.

CONCLUSION

High values of PCV with correspondingly high values of GCV were observed in plant spread, number of branches per plant, average weight of 50 pods and pod length which indicated greater extent of variability that could be ascribed to genotype. It showed that the traits are less affected by the environment and can be improved through selection. The crop improvement work in pod yield of cluster bean can be concentrated on the traits like plant height, plant spread, number of branches per plant, internodal length, number of pods per cluster, average weight of 50 pods, pod length, 100 seed weight, pod yield per plant and protein content of pods being controlled by additive gene effects since, they had recorded high heritability coupled with high genetic advance as per cent of mean. The breeder should adopt suitable breeding techniques to utilize both additive and non-additive gene effects simultaneously, since varietal development will goes a long way in breeding programmes, especially in case of cluster bean.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The authors are thankful to College of Horticulture, Venkataramannagudem for providing necessary facilities in carrying out the present investigation. The author will also like to thank the authorities of Indian-African Fellowship and Indian Council of Agricultural Research for providing scholarship during the present study.

REFERENCES


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