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Current IssueEditorial BoardOnline First ArticlesArchive

Review Article

Role of Mycorrhiza in Nutrient Acquisition and Promoting Plant Growth in Sustainable Agriculture: A Review

B
Bhawna Saxena1,*
1Department of Botany, Swami Shraddhanand College, Alipur-110 036, Delhi, India.

  • Submitted14-05-2026|

  • Accepted10-09-2026|

  • First Online 06-10-2026|

  • doi 10.18805/BKAP937

ABSTRACT

Mycorrhiza constitutes an advanced symbiotic association between the plant root systems and fungal partner, playing a pivotal role in regulating nutrient dynamics, rhizosphere processes and crop productivity within agroecosystems. This review presents a comprehensive and critical analysis of the agricultural implications of mycorrhiza, viewed in light of the latest research focused on arbuscular mycorrhiza. Available evidence indicates that mycorrhiza significantly enhances nutrient use efficiency particularly with regard to phosphorus uptake-by activating highly efficient nutrient acquisition mechanisms. The extensive network of fungal hyphae effectively expands the root zone, strengthening soil-water-plant interactions and leading to a qualitative improvement in the plants’ water uptake capacity, as well as their tolerance to drought, salinity and thermal stresses. In the future, the integration of mycorrhiza with omics-based approaches and precision agriculture techniques presents significant potential for the development of site-specific, high-performance strains. However, for its widespread application in agriculture, scientific solutions addressing its ecological adaptability, strain specificity and management-related complexities are required. Altogether, it suggests mycorrhiza as a highly promising biological tool for enhancing agricultural sustainability, resource efficiency and ecological resilience.

REFERENCES


  1. Abeer, H., Allah Abd, E.F., Alqarawi, A.A. and Egamberdieva Dilfuza (2024). Induction of salt stress tolerance in cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Legume Research. 38(5): 579-588. https://doi.org/10.18805/lr.v38i5.5933.

  2. Afridi, M.S., Javed, M.A., Ali, S., De Medeiros, F.H.V., Ali, B., Salam, A., Sumaira, Marc, R.A., Alkhalifah, D.H.M., Selim, S. and Santoyo, G. (2022). New opportunities in plant microbiome engineering for increasing agricultural sustainability under stressful conditions. Frontiers in Plant Science. 13: 899464. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.899464. 

  3. Akiyama, K., Matsuzaki, K.I. and Hayashi, H. (2005). Plant sesquiterpenes induce hyphal branching in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Nature. 435(7043): 824-827.

  4. Bunemann, E.K., Bongiorno, G., Bai, Z., Creamer, R.E. (2018). Soil quality-A critical review. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 120: 105-125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2018.01.030.

  5. Couto, M.S.R., Lovato, P.E., Wipf, D. and Dumos-Gaudot, E. (2013). Proteomic studies of arbuscular mycorrhizal associations. Advances in Biological Chemistry. 3: 48-58. https://doi.org/10.4236/abc.2013.31007.

  6. Delaeter, M., Magnin-Robert, M., Randoux, B. and Lounès- Hadj Sahraoui, A. (2024). Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi as biostimulant and biocontrol agents: A review. Microorganisms. 12(7): 1281. https://doi. org/10.3390/microorganisms12071281.

  7. Dey, S., Choudhury, D. and Dutta, S. (2024). A consortium of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, plant growth promoting fungi and mycorrhiza helper bacteria to establish a tripartite interaction as a boon for improvement of plant growth and augmentation of Aloin and Aloe emodin content in Aloe barbadensis Mill. Research Square. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5308322/v1. 

  8. Fattahi, M., Nasrollahpourmoghadam, S. and Mohammadkhani, A. (2020). Comparison of effectiveness of arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi (AMF) on Vitis vinifera under low irrigation conditions. Agricultural Science Digest. 41: 119-128. doi: 10.18805/ag.D-253.

  9. Folli-Pereira, M.d.S., Garlet, J. and Bertolazi, A.A. (2020). Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Their Potential Applications for Sustainable Agriculture. In: Agriculturally Important Fungi for Sustainable Agriculture: Perspective for Diversity and Crop Productivity. [A.N. Yadav, S. Mishra, D. Kour, N. Yadav  and A. Kumar (Eds.)], Springer. 1: 109-119.  https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48474-3_6. 

  10. Gachomo, E., Allen, J.W., Pfeffer, P.E., Govindarajulu, M., Douds, D.D., Jin, H., et al., (2009). Germinating spores of Glomus intraradices can use internal and exogenous nitrogen sources for de novo biosynthesis of amino acids. New Phytologist. 184(2): 399-411. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.02925.x 

  11. Genre, A., Chabaud, M., Balzergue, C., Puech Pagès, V., Novero, M., Rey, T., Fournier, J., Rochange, S., Bécard, G., Bonfante, P. and Barker, D.G. (2013). Short chain chitin oligomers from arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi trigger nuclear Ca2+ spiking in Medicago truncatula roots and their production is enhanced by strigolactone. New Phytologist. 198(1): 190-202.

  12. Genre, A., Chabaud, M., Timmers, T., Bonfante, P. and Barker, D.G. (2005). Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi elicit a novel intracellular apparatus in Medicago truncatula root epidermal cells before infection. The Plant Cell. 17(12): 3489-3499.

  13. Ghorui, M., Chowdhury, S., Das, K., Sunar, K. and Prakash, B. (2023). Optimizing factors for large-scale production of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi consortia using root organ cultures. Journal of Biological Methods. 10: e99010006. https://doi.org/10.14440/ jbm.2023.410. 

  14. Goicoechea, N. (2020). Mycorrhizal fungi as bioprotectors of crops against Verticillium wilt- A hypothetical scenario under changing environmental conditions. Plants. 9: 1468. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants 9111468.

  15. Harrison, M.J., Dewbre, G.R. and Liu, J. (2002). A phosphate transporter from Medicago truncatula involved in the acquisition of phosphate released by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Plant Cell. 14(10): 2413-2429. https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.004861.

  16. Javot, H., Pumplin, N. and Harrison, M.J. (2007). Phosphate in the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis: Transport properties and regulatory roles. Plant, Cell & Environment. 30(3): 310-322.

  17. Jeffries, P., Gianinazzi, S., Perotto, S., Turnau, K. and Barea, J. (2003). The contribution of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in sustainable maintenance of plant health and soil fertility. Biology and Fertility of Soils. 37: 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00374-002-0456-8. 

  18. Kaur, S. and Suseela, V. (2020). Unraveling arbuscular mycorrhiza- induced changes in plant primary and secondary metabolome. Metabolites. 10: 335. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo10090335.

  19. Kikuchi, Y., Hijikata, N., Ohtomo, R., Handa, Y., Kawaguchi, M. and Saito, K. (2016). Aquaporin-mediated long- distance polyphosphate translocation directed towards the host in arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis: Application of virus-induced gene silencing. New Phytologist. 211(4):1202-1208. https://doi.org/ 10.1111/nph.14016.

  20. Kuila, D. and Ghosh, S. (2022) Aspects, problems and utilization of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal (AM) application as bio-fertilizer in sustainable agriculture. Current Research in Microbial Sciences. 3: 100107. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.crmicr.2022.100107.

  21. Kumar, A., Kumar, R., Singh, P., Kalaichelvan, S., Santos- Villalobos, S.L., Kumar, N., Fernando, L., Kumar, R., Solanki, M.K., Joshi, N.C. and Babalola, O.O. (2025). Emerging role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in sustainable agriculture: From biology to field application. Microbiology Open. 14(5): e70082. https://doi.org/10.1002/mbo3.70082.

  22. Li, Y., Xu, J., Hu, J., Zhang, T., Wu, X. and Yang, Y. (2022). Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and glomalin play a crucial role in soil aggregate stability in Pb- contaminated soil. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 19(9): 5029.

  23. Manfred, G.G. et al. (2011). Full-length transcriptome assembly from RNA-Seq data without a reference genome. Nature Biotechnology. 29: 644-652. https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt.1883.

  24. Martin, F.M. and van der Heijden, M.G.A. (2024). The mycorrhizal symbiosis: Research frontiers in genomics, ecology and agricultural application. New Phytologist. 242: 1486-1506. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.19541.

  25. Parniske, M. (2008). Arbuscular mycorrhiza: the mother of plant root endosymbioses. Nature Reviews Microbiology. 6(10): 763-775.

  26. Pellegrino, E., Nuti, M. and Ercoli, L. (2022). Multiple arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal consortia enhance yield and fatty acids of Medicago sativa: A two-year field study on agronomic traits and tracing of fungal persistence. Frontiers in Plant Science. 13: 814401. https:// doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.814401. 

  27. Raut, R.R., Harale, P. and Kurhe, A. (2020). Studies on soil quality parameters in relation to cropping patterns, micronutrients and pH from Goagalgaon area in Ahmednagar district of Maharashtra, India. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Current Research. 6: 210-219.

  28. Santoyo, G., Gamalero, E. and Glick, B.R. (2021). Mycorrhizal- bacterial amelioration of plant abiotic and biotic stress. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems. 5: 672881. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2021.672881. 

  29. Shuab, R., Lone, R., Ahmad, J. and Reshi, Z.A. (2017). Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi: A Potential Tool for Restoration of Degraded Land. In: Mycorrhiza- Nutrient uptake, biocontrol, ecorestoration. [A. Varma, R. Prasad and N. Tuteja (Eds.)], (pp. 415- 434). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662- 56502-3_21. 

  30. Sukorini, H. (2025). Arbuscular vascular mycorrhizes (MVA) to control wilt disease in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). Agricultural Science Digest - A Research Journal. doi: 10.18805/ag.DF-720.

  31. Sun, W. and Shahrajabian M. H. (2023). The application of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi as microbial biostimulant, sustainable approaches in modern agriculture. Plants. 12(17): 3101. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12173101

  32. Sun, Y.F., Song, F.Q., Chang, W. and Fan, X.X. (2016). The effects of AMF on the growth and physiology of E. angustifolia seedlings under saline stress. Scientia Silvae Sinicae. 52: 18-27.

  33. Upasani, R.R. and Barla, S. (2025). Understanding the mycorrhizal network and ecological symphony: A review. Agricultural Science Digest. 45(3): 371- 379. doi: 10.18805/ag.D-6035.

  34. Velásquez, A., Cornejo, P., Carvajal, M., D’Onofrio, C., Seeger, M. and Cuneo, I.F. (2025). A comprehensive review of the transcriptomic and metabolic responses of grapevines to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Planta. 262(3): 58. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-025.

  35. Zeng, W., Xiang, D., Li, X., Gao, Q., Chen, Y., Wang, K., Qian, Y., Wang, L., Li, J., Mi, Q., Huang, H., Xu, L., Zhao, M., Zhang, Y. and Xiang, H. (2025). Effects of combined inoculation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and plant growth-promoting rhizosphere bacteria on seedling growth and rhizosphere microecology. Frontiers in Microbiology. 7(15): 1475485. 

  36. Zhang, X., Zhao, B., Zheng, Y., Li, M., Zhang, H., Wang, P., Chen, S., Jin, X. and Wu, X. (2025). Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi mitigate lead toxicity in maize by restructuring rhizosphere microbiome and enhancing antioxidant defense mechanisms. Agronomy. 15(6): 1310.
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    Review Article

    Role of Mycorrhiza in Nutrient Acquisition and Promoting Plant Growth in Sustainable Agriculture: A Review

    B
    Bhawna Saxena1,*
    1Department of Botany, Swami Shraddhanand College, Alipur-110 036, Delhi, India.

    • Submitted14-05-2026|

    • Accepted10-09-2026|

    • First Online 06-10-2026|

    • doi 10.18805/BKAP937

    ABSTRACT

    Mycorrhiza constitutes an advanced symbiotic association between the plant root systems and fungal partner, playing a pivotal role in regulating nutrient dynamics, rhizosphere processes and crop productivity within agroecosystems. This review presents a comprehensive and critical analysis of the agricultural implications of mycorrhiza, viewed in light of the latest research focused on arbuscular mycorrhiza. Available evidence indicates that mycorrhiza significantly enhances nutrient use efficiency particularly with regard to phosphorus uptake-by activating highly efficient nutrient acquisition mechanisms. The extensive network of fungal hyphae effectively expands the root zone, strengthening soil-water-plant interactions and leading to a qualitative improvement in the plants’ water uptake capacity, as well as their tolerance to drought, salinity and thermal stresses. In the future, the integration of mycorrhiza with omics-based approaches and precision agriculture techniques presents significant potential for the development of site-specific, high-performance strains. However, for its widespread application in agriculture, scientific solutions addressing its ecological adaptability, strain specificity and management-related complexities are required. Altogether, it suggests mycorrhiza as a highly promising biological tool for enhancing agricultural sustainability, resource efficiency and ecological resilience.

    REFERENCES


    1. Abeer, H., Allah Abd, E.F., Alqarawi, A.A. and Egamberdieva Dilfuza (2024). Induction of salt stress tolerance in cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Legume Research. 38(5): 579-588. https://doi.org/10.18805/lr.v38i5.5933.

    2. Afridi, M.S., Javed, M.A., Ali, S., De Medeiros, F.H.V., Ali, B., Salam, A., Sumaira, Marc, R.A., Alkhalifah, D.H.M., Selim, S. and Santoyo, G. (2022). New opportunities in plant microbiome engineering for increasing agricultural sustainability under stressful conditions. Frontiers in Plant Science. 13: 899464. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.899464. 

    3. Akiyama, K., Matsuzaki, K.I. and Hayashi, H. (2005). Plant sesquiterpenes induce hyphal branching in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Nature. 435(7043): 824-827.

    4. Bunemann, E.K., Bongiorno, G., Bai, Z., Creamer, R.E. (2018). Soil quality-A critical review. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 120: 105-125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2018.01.030.

    5. Couto, M.S.R., Lovato, P.E., Wipf, D. and Dumos-Gaudot, E. (2013). Proteomic studies of arbuscular mycorrhizal associations. Advances in Biological Chemistry. 3: 48-58. https://doi.org/10.4236/abc.2013.31007.

    6. Delaeter, M., Magnin-Robert, M., Randoux, B. and Lounès- Hadj Sahraoui, A. (2024). Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi as biostimulant and biocontrol agents: A review. Microorganisms. 12(7): 1281. https://doi. org/10.3390/microorganisms12071281.

    7. Dey, S., Choudhury, D. and Dutta, S. (2024). A consortium of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, plant growth promoting fungi and mycorrhiza helper bacteria to establish a tripartite interaction as a boon for improvement of plant growth and augmentation of Aloin and Aloe emodin content in Aloe barbadensis Mill. Research Square. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5308322/v1. 

    8. Fattahi, M., Nasrollahpourmoghadam, S. and Mohammadkhani, A. (2020). Comparison of effectiveness of arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi (AMF) on Vitis vinifera under low irrigation conditions. Agricultural Science Digest. 41: 119-128. doi: 10.18805/ag.D-253.

    9. Folli-Pereira, M.d.S., Garlet, J. and Bertolazi, A.A. (2020). Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Their Potential Applications for Sustainable Agriculture. In: Agriculturally Important Fungi for Sustainable Agriculture: Perspective for Diversity and Crop Productivity. [A.N. Yadav, S. Mishra, D. Kour, N. Yadav  and A. Kumar (Eds.)], Springer. 1: 109-119.  https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48474-3_6. 

    10. Gachomo, E., Allen, J.W., Pfeffer, P.E., Govindarajulu, M., Douds, D.D., Jin, H., et al., (2009). Germinating spores of Glomus intraradices can use internal and exogenous nitrogen sources for de novo biosynthesis of amino acids. New Phytologist. 184(2): 399-411. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.02925.x 

    11. Genre, A., Chabaud, M., Balzergue, C., Puech Pagès, V., Novero, M., Rey, T., Fournier, J., Rochange, S., Bécard, G., Bonfante, P. and Barker, D.G. (2013). Short chain chitin oligomers from arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi trigger nuclear Ca2+ spiking in Medicago truncatula roots and their production is enhanced by strigolactone. New Phytologist. 198(1): 190-202.

    12. Genre, A., Chabaud, M., Timmers, T., Bonfante, P. and Barker, D.G. (2005). Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi elicit a novel intracellular apparatus in Medicago truncatula root epidermal cells before infection. The Plant Cell. 17(12): 3489-3499.

    13. Ghorui, M., Chowdhury, S., Das, K., Sunar, K. and Prakash, B. (2023). Optimizing factors for large-scale production of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi consortia using root organ cultures. Journal of Biological Methods. 10: e99010006. https://doi.org/10.14440/ jbm.2023.410. 

    14. Goicoechea, N. (2020). Mycorrhizal fungi as bioprotectors of crops against Verticillium wilt- A hypothetical scenario under changing environmental conditions. Plants. 9: 1468. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants 9111468.

    15. Harrison, M.J., Dewbre, G.R. and Liu, J. (2002). A phosphate transporter from Medicago truncatula involved in the acquisition of phosphate released by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Plant Cell. 14(10): 2413-2429. https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.004861.

    16. Javot, H., Pumplin, N. and Harrison, M.J. (2007). Phosphate in the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis: Transport properties and regulatory roles. Plant, Cell & Environment. 30(3): 310-322.

    17. Jeffries, P., Gianinazzi, S., Perotto, S., Turnau, K. and Barea, J. (2003). The contribution of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in sustainable maintenance of plant health and soil fertility. Biology and Fertility of Soils. 37: 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00374-002-0456-8. 

    18. Kaur, S. and Suseela, V. (2020). Unraveling arbuscular mycorrhiza- induced changes in plant primary and secondary metabolome. Metabolites. 10: 335. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo10090335.

    19. Kikuchi, Y., Hijikata, N., Ohtomo, R., Handa, Y., Kawaguchi, M. and Saito, K. (2016). Aquaporin-mediated long- distance polyphosphate translocation directed towards the host in arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis: Application of virus-induced gene silencing. New Phytologist. 211(4):1202-1208. https://doi.org/ 10.1111/nph.14016.

    20. Kuila, D. and Ghosh, S. (2022) Aspects, problems and utilization of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal (AM) application as bio-fertilizer in sustainable agriculture. Current Research in Microbial Sciences. 3: 100107. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.crmicr.2022.100107.

    21. Kumar, A., Kumar, R., Singh, P., Kalaichelvan, S., Santos- Villalobos, S.L., Kumar, N., Fernando, L., Kumar, R., Solanki, M.K., Joshi, N.C. and Babalola, O.O. (2025). Emerging role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in sustainable agriculture: From biology to field application. Microbiology Open. 14(5): e70082. https://doi.org/10.1002/mbo3.70082.

    22. Li, Y., Xu, J., Hu, J., Zhang, T., Wu, X. and Yang, Y. (2022). Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and glomalin play a crucial role in soil aggregate stability in Pb- contaminated soil. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 19(9): 5029.

    23. Manfred, G.G. et al. (2011). Full-length transcriptome assembly from RNA-Seq data without a reference genome. Nature Biotechnology. 29: 644-652. https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt.1883.

    24. Martin, F.M. and van der Heijden, M.G.A. (2024). The mycorrhizal symbiosis: Research frontiers in genomics, ecology and agricultural application. New Phytologist. 242: 1486-1506. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.19541.

    25. Parniske, M. (2008). Arbuscular mycorrhiza: the mother of plant root endosymbioses. Nature Reviews Microbiology. 6(10): 763-775.

    26. Pellegrino, E., Nuti, M. and Ercoli, L. (2022). Multiple arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal consortia enhance yield and fatty acids of Medicago sativa: A two-year field study on agronomic traits and tracing of fungal persistence. Frontiers in Plant Science. 13: 814401. https:// doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.814401. 

    27. Raut, R.R., Harale, P. and Kurhe, A. (2020). Studies on soil quality parameters in relation to cropping patterns, micronutrients and pH from Goagalgaon area in Ahmednagar district of Maharashtra, India. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Current Research. 6: 210-219.

    28. Santoyo, G., Gamalero, E. and Glick, B.R. (2021). Mycorrhizal- bacterial amelioration of plant abiotic and biotic stress. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems. 5: 672881. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2021.672881. 

    29. Shuab, R., Lone, R., Ahmad, J. and Reshi, Z.A. (2017). Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi: A Potential Tool for Restoration of Degraded Land. In: Mycorrhiza- Nutrient uptake, biocontrol, ecorestoration. [A. Varma, R. Prasad and N. Tuteja (Eds.)], (pp. 415- 434). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662- 56502-3_21. 

    30. Sukorini, H. (2025). Arbuscular vascular mycorrhizes (MVA) to control wilt disease in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). Agricultural Science Digest - A Research Journal. doi: 10.18805/ag.DF-720.

    31. Sun, W. and Shahrajabian M. H. (2023). The application of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi as microbial biostimulant, sustainable approaches in modern agriculture. Plants. 12(17): 3101. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12173101

    32. Sun, Y.F., Song, F.Q., Chang, W. and Fan, X.X. (2016). The effects of AMF on the growth and physiology of E. angustifolia seedlings under saline stress. Scientia Silvae Sinicae. 52: 18-27.

    33. Upasani, R.R. and Barla, S. (2025). Understanding the mycorrhizal network and ecological symphony: A review. Agricultural Science Digest. 45(3): 371- 379. doi: 10.18805/ag.D-6035.

    34. Velásquez, A., Cornejo, P., Carvajal, M., D’Onofrio, C., Seeger, M. and Cuneo, I.F. (2025). A comprehensive review of the transcriptomic and metabolic responses of grapevines to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Planta. 262(3): 58. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-025.

    35. Zeng, W., Xiang, D., Li, X., Gao, Q., Chen, Y., Wang, K., Qian, Y., Wang, L., Li, J., Mi, Q., Huang, H., Xu, L., Zhao, M., Zhang, Y. and Xiang, H. (2025). Effects of combined inoculation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and plant growth-promoting rhizosphere bacteria on seedling growth and rhizosphere microecology. Frontiers in Microbiology. 7(15): 1475485. 

    36. Zhang, X., Zhao, B., Zheng, Y., Li, M., Zhang, H., Wang, P., Chen, S., Jin, X. and Wu, X. (2025). Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi mitigate lead toxicity in maize by restructuring rhizosphere microbiome and enhancing antioxidant defense mechanisms. Agronomy. 15(6): 1310.
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