Agricultural Science Digest

  • Chief EditorArvind kumar

  • Print ISSN 0253-150X

  • Online ISSN 0976-0547

  • NAAS Rating 4.75

  • SJR .118 (2022)

Frequency :
Bi-monthly (February, April, June, August, October and December)
Indexing Services :
BIOSIS Preview, Biological Abstracts, Elsevier (Scopus and Embase), AGRICOLA, Google Scholar, CrossRef, CAB Abstracting Journals, Chemical Abstracts, Indian Science Abstracts, EBSCO Indexing Services, Index Copernicus
Submit

Full Research Article

Composition of Saffron By-products (Crocus sativus) in Relation to Utilization as Animal Feed

Si Mohamed Jadouali, Hajar Atifi, Rachid Mamouni, Khalid Majourhat, Zakia Bouzoubaa, Said Gharby
  • Email
1Biotechnologie, Sciences Analytiques et Gestion des Ressources Naturelles, EST Khenifra, Université Sultan Moulay Sliman, Khénifra, Morocco.
Cite article:- Jadouali Mohamed Si, Atifi Hajar, Mamouni Rachid, Majourhat Khalid, Bouzoubaa Zakia, Gharby Said (2022). Composition of Saffron By-products (Crocus sativus) in Relation to Utilization as Animal Feed. Agricultural Science Digest. 42(4): 475-481. doi: 10.18805/ag.D-360.

ABSTRACT

Background: In the region of Taliouine-Taznakhte, the saffron culture constitutes the pivot of the agriculture. Nevertheless, a huge amount of saffron by-products with little or no commercial value are wasted during the processing of the stigmas. To increase the overall profitability of this crop, these by-products have been investigated as a potential source of nutrition. 
Methods: The different parts of Crocus sativus were analyzed. The leaves have high crude fibers (19, 31%), proteins (7, 24%), lipids (6, 10%), N (1, 15%), Fe (985, 59 mg/kg). The petals are the flower parts with the highest contents of crude fiber (11, 25%), ash (7, 30%), protein (6, 35%) and total carbohydrates (71, 16%). Corms have high total carbohydrates (92,41%). The fatty acids in cyclohexane extract oils from leaves were palmitic acid (21.68%) and linolenic acid (25.09%) while in the petals, palmitic acid (11.64%) and linoleic acid (22.60%).
Result: From the result obtained, it is suggested that some of the by-products of Moroccan saffron could be utilized by ruminants as feed supplement during both wet and dry seasons.

REFERENCES


  1. AOAC (1995). Official Methods of Analysis, 16th ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Arlington, VA, USA 

  2. Arapceska, M., Jankuloski, Z., Hajrulai, Z., Uzunov, R. (2014). Comparative Analysis of Fatty Acid Composition of Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) from Different Origins. Conference: Food and Agriculture Cost action FA1101 Saffron Omics, at Wageningen, Netherlands.

  3. Banerjee, A. and Matai, S. (1990). Composition of Indian aquatic plants in relation to utilization as animal forage. Journal of Aquatic Plant Management. 28: 69-79. 

  4. Bergoin, M. (2005). Application du concept de raffinage vegeìtal au safran du Quercy (Crocus sativus) pour la valorisation integrée des potentiels aromatiques et colorants. Doctoral Thesis, Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse, France, (2005). from http://ethesis.inp toulouse.fr/archive/ 00000251/01/bergoin.pdf.

  5. Berivan Tandoúan, N., Nuray U. (2005). Importance of calcium. Turkish Journal of Media Sciences. 35: 197-201.

  6. Bertin, E. (2008) Alfalfa Leaf Extract (EFL). In: Alfalfa in Human and Animals Nutrition. T. 3. Monographic E.R. Grela. Wyd. Stow. Rozw. Reg. Lokaln. “Progress” Dzierdziówka – Lublin, 29-37.

  7. Bremner, J.M., (1965). Total nitrogen, in Methods of Soil Analysis (Agronomy Monograph No. 9 Part 2), [Black C.A., Evans D.D., White I.L., Ensminger L.E., Clark F.E., (eds)]. Madison, WI: American Society of Agronomy. 1149-1178.

  8. Dewhurst, R.J, Shingfield, K.J., Lee, M.R.F., Scollan, N.D. (2006). Increasing the concentrations of beneficial polyunsaturated fatty acids in milk produced by dairy cows in high-forage systems, Animal Feed Science and Technology. 131: 168- 206.

  9. Dong-Sun, L., Bong-Soo, N., Sun-Young, B., Kun, K. (1998). Characterization of fatty acids composition in vegetable oils by gas chromatography and chemometrics. Analytica Chimica Acta. 358: 163-175.

  10. Dubois, M., Gilles, K.A., Hamilton, J.K, Rebers, P.A. and Smith, F. (1956). Colorimetrie method for determination of sugars and related substances. Analytical Chemistry. 3: 350-360. 

  11. Egbebi, A.O. and Muhammad, A.A. 2016.  Assessment of physic- chemical and phytochemical properties of white fonio (Digitaria exilis) Flour. International Journal of Biological and Pharmaceutical Science. 2(1): June, 2016. 

  12. Fahim, N.K., Sadat, S., Janati, F., Feizy, J. (2012). Chemical composition of agriproduct saffron (Crocus sativus L.) Petals and its considerations as animal feed. Gida. 37(4): 197-201.

  13. Faizy, J. and Reyhani, N. (2016). Gas chromatographic determination of phytosterols and fatty acids profile in saffron petals. Canadian Chemical Transactions. 4(3): 389-397. 

  14. Glasser, F., Glasser, F., Doreau, M., Maxin, G., Baumont, R. (2013). Fat and fatty acid content and composition of forages: A meta-analysis. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 185: 19-34.

  15. Goldblatt, P., Davies, T.J., Manning, J.C., van der Bank, M., Savolainen, V. (2006) Phylogeny of Iridaceae subfamily Crocoideae based on combined multigene plastid DNA analysis. Aliso. 22(1): 399-411.

  16. Grilli Caiola, M. (1999). Reproduction biology of saffron and its allies. In: Saffron: Crocus sativus L. [Negbi, M. (Ed.)], Harwood Academic Publishers, Amsterdam, Netherlands, pp. 31-44. 

  17. Guimarães, R., Barreira, J.C.M., Barros, L., Carvalho, A.M., Ferreira, I.C.F.R. (2010). Effects of oral dosage forms and storage period in the antioxidant properties of four species used in traditional herbal medicine. Phytother Res, in press.

  18. ISO 5508 (1990). Animal and vegetable fats and oils- Analysis by gas chromatography of methyl esters of fatty acids.

  19. ISO 3632. (2011). Saffron (Crocus sativus L.). Part 1: Specification, Part 2: Test Methods. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva.

  20. Jadouali, S.M., Atifi, H., Bouzoubaa, Z., Majourhat, K., Gharby, S., Achemchem, F., Elmoslih, A., Laknifli, A., Mamouni, R. (2018). Chemical characterization, antioxidant and antibacterial activity of Moroccan Crocus sativus L petals and leaves. Journal of Material and Environmental Science. 9(1): 1-1. 

  21. Jadouali, S.M., Atifi, H., Rachid, M., Majourhat, K., Bouzoubaâ, Z., Laknifli, A., Abdellah F. (2019). Chemical characterization and antioxidant compounds of flower parts of Moroccan Crocus sativus L. Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences. 18(4): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jssas.2018.03.007.

  22. Jafari, S., Goh1, Y.M., Rajion, M.A. and Ebrahimi, M. (2017). Effects of polyphenol rich bamboo leaf on rumen fermentation characteristics and methane gas production in an in vitro condition. Indian J. Anim. Res.  54(3): 322-326. 

  23. Khan, N.A , Cone J.W., Fievez, V., Hendriks, W.H. (2012). Causes of variation in fatty acid content and composition in grass and maize silages. Animal Feed Science and Technologie. 174: 36-45.

  24. Koukolová, P.H., Koukolová, V. and Jancík, F. (2017). Evaluation of ruminal crude protein degradation of common feeds used in temperate climates. Indian J. Anim. Res. 54(1): 47-52.

  25. Mateos-Aparicio, I., Redondo-Cuenca, A., Villanueva-Suárez M.J. (2012). Broad bean and pea by-products as sources of fibre-rich ingredients: Potential antioxidant activity measured in vitro. J. Sci. Food Agric. 92(3): 697-703.

  26. Mathew, B. (1982). The Crocus. A Revision of the Genus Crocus (Iridaceae). Portland, OR: Timber Press.

  27. Montoro, P., Tuberoso, C.I.G., Maldini, M., Cabras, P., Pizza, C. (2008). Qualitative profile and quantitative determination of flavonoids from Crocus sativus L. petals by LC-MS/ MS. Natural Product Communications. 3: 2013-6.

  28. Negbi, M. (1999). Saffron cultivation: Past, present and future prospects. In: Saffron: Crocus sativus L. [Negbi M. (Ed.)], Harwood Academic Publishers, Australia, pp. 1-18. 

  29. Nørbæk, R., Brandt, K., Nielsen, J.K., Ørgaard, M., Jacobsen, N. (2002). Flower pigment composition of Crocus species and cultivars used for a chemotaxonomic investigation. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology. 30: 763-791.

  30. Petersen, G., Seberg, O., Thorsøe, S., Jørgensen, T., Mathew, B. (2008). A phylogeny of the genus Crocus (Iridaceae) based on sequence data from five plastid regions. Taxon. 57: 487-499.

  31. Popovic, S., Grljusic, S., Cupic, T., Tucak, M., Stjepanovic, M. (2001). Protein and Fiber Contents in Alfalfa Leaves and Stems. In: Quality in Lucerne and Medics for Animal Production. [Delgado I., Lloveras J. (eds.)]. Zaragoza : CIHEAM, (Options Méditerranéennes: Série A. Séminaires Méditerranéens; n. 45) p. 215-218.

  32. Sánchez-Vioque, R., Rodríguez-Conde, M.F., Reina-Ure˜na, J.V., Escolano-Tercero, M.A., Herraiz-Pe˜nalver, D., Santana-Méridas, O. (2012). In vitro antioxidant and metal chelating properties of corm, tepal and leaf from saffron (Crocus sativus L.). Industrial Crops and Products. 39: 149-153.

  33. Serrano-Díaz, J., Sanchez, A.M., Martínez-Tome, M., Winterhalter, P., Alonso G.L. (2013). A contribution to nutritional studies on Crocus sativus flowers and their value as food. Journal Food Composition and Analysis. 31: 101-108. 

  34. Sharasia, P.L., Garg, M.R. and Bhanderi, B.M. (2017). Pulses and their By-products as Animal Feed, edited by T. Calles and H.P.S. Makkar. Rome, FAO.

  35. Verma, D.N. (2006). A Texbook of Animal Nutrition. Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi. pp: 126-132.

  36. Vignolinia, P., Heimlerb, D., Pinellia, P., Ieria, F., Sciulloc, A. and Romani, A. (2008). Characterization of By-products of Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) Production. Natural Product Communications. 3(12): 1959-1962. 

  37. Zambiazi, R.C., Przybylski, R., Zambiazi, M.W., Mendonça, B. (2007). Fatty acid composition of vegetable oils and fats. B.CEPPA, Curitiba. 25(1): 111-120.

  38. Zanin, V. (2009). Nowa idea żywienia dla człowieka: wyciąg z liści lucerny [A new nutritional idea for man: lucerne leaf concentrate]. In: Positive health impact of alfalfa’s leaves extract in human nutrition. T. 4. Monographic R. Maj, Z. Zioło, E. Kowalczuk-Vasilev. Stow. Rozw. Reg. Lokaln. “Progres” Dzierdziówka, 15-46.

  39. Zheng, C.J., Li, L., Ma, W.H., Han, T., Qin, L.P. (2011). Chemical constituents and bioactivities of the liposoluble fraction from different medicinal parts of Crocus sativus. Pharmaceutical Biology. 49(7): 756-763.
In this Article
    Contact us
    Follow us

    Editorial Board

    View all (0)