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Current IssueEditorial BoardOnline First ArticlesArchive

Full Research Article

Diversity of Agro-morphological Characteristics in Yam Bean (Pachyrhizus erosus L.) Strains from Breeding

R
Rajiman Rajiman1,*
0009-007-0805-8249
A
Agus Wartapa1
R
Rose Kharisma Septiani1
Z
Zelvin Adella Nevariska1
S
Sari Megawati1
1Agricultural Development Polytechnic of Yogyakarta-Magelang, Jl. Kusumanegara No. 2, Yogyakarta City, Special Region of Yogyakarta 55167, Indonesia.

ABSTRACT

Background: The cultivation of yam beans by farmers mostly uses free strains, due to the limited number of superior purple varieties. The research aims to determine the morphological and agronomic characteristics of the yam bean breed.
Methods: The research materials used were 5th-generation yam bean seeds. The research design used a single plant: planting and observing each individual from 5th-generation yam bean seeds, a total of 34 plants. The observation parameters consist of agronomic and morphological characteristics of yam bean plants. Diversity data were analysed using a dendrogram.
Result: The results of the study show that based on the morphological characteristics of the yam bean of the strain can be grouped into 7 clusters with the most members in cluster F. The 6th generation yam bean has similarities in all the characteristics of leaves, stems, tubers, seeds and some of the characteristics of the flower (flower shape, flower crown shape, flower petal colour), but has a differentiating character in the flower, namely the colour of the flower crown, Flower bud colour, flower stylus colour and flower seed colour. The agronomic characteristics of yam bean are creeping growth, varying to the number of leaves, terminal leaf length, terminal leaf width, number of terminal leaf angles, large leaf angles, length of terminal petiole 1, length of terminal petiole 2, diameter of stem, flowering start, length of flower crown, flower crown width, flower pistil length, planting tuber weight, weight per tuber, tuber width and length, seed length, seed width and productivity, but have relatively the same number of tubers.

INTRODUCTION

Yam bean can serve as food, medicine and cosmetics (Ningsih et al., 2019). Yam bean contains 50 phytochemicals, including flavonoids, fatty acids, organic acids and triterpenoids (Jaiswal et al., 2022). Variety determines the yield and quality of yam bean tubers. Yam bean cultivation carried out by farmers mostly uses free strains because superior varieties are limited in the community (Ningsih et al., 2019).
       
This condition provides an opportunity for breeders to obtain superior genetic potential, including agronomic characteristics (Kamila et al., 2023). Plant breeding begins by selecting individuals from the population using genetic resources (germplasm). Varieties can be produced through the use of germplasm or crossbreeding (Putri et al., 2022).
       
Assembly of new varieties can be started from the selection of potential strains to obtain permanent plant characteristics as determinants of variety diversity or identity (Rihadi et al., 2021; Tabor et al., 2024) and differences in the main characteristics of a plant (Ramteke et al., 2024). Plant characteristics are reflected in agronomic and morphological characteristics (Hayati and Kasiamdari, 2024). The main indicator of plant breeding results is genetic changes (Bağcý  et al., 2022; Khazaie et al., 2024; Ramteke et al., 2024). The results of breeding can be seen from the aspect of genetic stability (Vardhan et al., 2025) as indicated by growth parameters, harvest yields and quality (Mohanty et al., 2026).
       
Plant morphological characteristics are a form of change in the physical characteristics of plants that can be a measure of diversity between plants (Renaldi and Purwantoro, 2022; Yousefi et al., 2024). Yousefi et al., (2024) stated that genetic diversity can be an opportunity to produce promising strains. The morphological characteristics are a tool to help evaluate the success of superior varieties in adapting to the environment (Patel et al., 2025; Thanh et al., 2026). The method for assessing the success of plant assembly can use Cluster analysis based on morphological characteristics (Prihaningsih et al., 2023).
       
Since 2019, assembly has been carried out to obtain promising yam bean strains up to stage 6. Yam bean breeding produces strains with productivity advantages of 1,214.23 kg/ha. The research aims to determine the morphological and agronomic characteristics of the breed yam bean.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Research was conducted in Berbah, Sleman Regency, Yogyakarta Province, from April to October 2024. The equipment used in the research was cultivation tools, rulers, callipers, bows, royal horticultural society (RHS) colour charts, a refractometer and digital scales. The research used materials including 5th-generation yam bean seeds, manure and inorganic fertilisers. The study used a single-plant design, planting and observing each yam bean plant in the 6th generation. Yam bean planting was carried out in 4 beds, totalling 34 plants.
         
This research followed the following stages: Land preparation, seed preparation, planting, maintenance and harvesting. Land preparation consists of tilling the soil and making beds. Tillage was thoroughly carried out, then a bed measuring 1.2 meters by 3 meters was formed. The beds were given basic fertilisers, including manure and inorganic fertilisers. The final stage of land preparation was covered with mulch and hollowed out at a planting distance of 30 cm x 40 cm. Planting began with a thoughtful selection, then it was soaked in warm water for about 12 hours. The seeds are then planted using tugal, with yam bean seeds inserted to a depth of 2.5 cm. Maintenance includes watering, fertilising and pruning. Watering is carried out periodically. Follow-up fertilisation with NPK was carried out twice: the first at 30 DAP and the second at 70 DAP, with a dose of 3 g/plant using Sigh. Pruning is carried out three times: at 30 DAP (one month old), 60 DAP (two months old) and 90 DAP (three months old). Yam bean harvest is carried out after ± 4 months after planting. Harvesting is carried out by uprooting, then separating the tubers and other parts. The research observation was carried out on the morphological characters of yam bean, including growth type, stem, leaves, tubers and seeds ((Rajiman et al., 2025).
       
Data processing uses Excel, presented descriptively and clustered. The cluster analysis was performed using OriginPro software and presented as a dendrogram. The results of the dendrogram can be used to see the success of breeding in the form of clusters (Khazaie et al., 2024; Reddy et al., 2025).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Diversity of yam bean
 
The results of the dendrogram can be used to see the success of breeding in the form of clusters (Khazaie et al., 2024; Reddy et al., 2025; Sharma et al., 2026). The genetic diversity of the initiation results ranges from 0% to 100%. In this study, the clustering was based on a diversity level of more than 80%. The results of the diversity analysis are presented as a cluster analysis. Based on morphological characteristics, the expected strain can be grouped into 7 clusters (Fig 1).

Fig 1: Cluster of yam bean hope strain generation 6th.


       
Fig 1 shows that the 6th generation expectation strain is divided into 7 clusters. Cluster A consists of 1 plant, Cluster B consists of 1 plant, Cluster C consists of 2 plants, Cluster D consists of 1 plant, Cluster E consists of 9 plants,  Cluster F consists of 16 plants and Cluster G consists of 1 plant (Abd-Elsam  et al., 2025; Akinyosoye, 2022; Yousefi et al., 2024). The cluster A has a low number of leaves, moderate productivity, large tuber diameter and a tuber count of 1. Cluster B has a moderate number of leaves, high productivity, large tuber diameter and a tuber count of 1. Cluster C has a moderate number of leaves, high productivity, medium tuber diameter and a tuber count of 1. Cluster D has a high number of leaves, high productivity, medium tuber size and a tuber count of more than 1. Cluster E has a high number of leaves, low productivity, small tuber diameter and a tuber count of 1.Cluster F has a high number of leaves, high productivity, medium tuber size and a tuber count of more than 1. Cluster G has a low number of leaves, low productivity, large tuber diameter and a tuber count of 1. Higher diversity indicates a stronger relationship, so it has the potential to become a new strain (Ibirinde et al., 2019). The main indicator in breeding is genetic changes (Khazaie et al., 2024; Ramteke et al., 2024) to produce superior strains.
 
Morphological characteristics
 
The morphological characteristics of yam bean plants are evident in their growth, leaves, stems, flowers, seeds and tubers (Table 1). All yam bean plants assembled in the 6th generation exhibit creeping growth. The leaves of the yam bean plant have characteristics: rhombus shape, pointed tip, flat edge, hairy surface and green leaf colour (137 B).  The appearance of yam bean leaves is all uniform and nothing is different. This is because the colour of the leaves is dominated by the presence of chlorophyll. 

Table 1: Appearance of growth type, leaves, stem, seeds and tubers of yam bean.


       
The yam bean stem has the following characteristics: a round stem shape, a light green stem colour (RHS 144A) and a light green petiole colour (RHS 144A). The pigment content of chlorophyll influences the colour of the yam bean stem. According to (Nurchayati  et al., 2019) colour differences  are caused by variations in pigment  content in the tissues that make up plant parts.
       
The flowers have the character of a medium raised crown, light green flower petal colour (144A), flower crown colour is the purple (RHS N77, N 80 and N 81), flower bud colour is the yellow (RHS 150-154), flower stylus colour is the yellow (154 D) and flower seed colour is the bright greenish yellow (RHS 151 D). The shape of yam bean seeds falls into the categories of round and elongated and the colour of the seeds includes yellowish green (146 A) (Table 2). The purple colour is caused by the accumulation of anthocyanin content (Sharma et al., 2026). According to (Nurchayati  et al., 2019) colour differences are caused by variations in pigment content to plant parts. Yam bean flower as an indicator of reproductive capacity (Czékus  et al., 2025).

Table 2: Character appearance of flower yam bean.


       
The yam bean tubers have a characteristic top with brown skin (RHS 163D), white flesh (RHS 153D) and a slightly sweet flesh. In addition, yams contain flavonoids and phenolic acids (George  et al., 2020).
       
Assessment of genomic character changes using morphological (Rajiman et al., 2025; Silva et al., 2016). The morphological parameters of the plant, including stem, leaves, flowers, seeds and tubers, are essential for determining yam bean yield. This is because each strain/accession has a specific morphological character difference (Baiyeri  et al., 2022). 
 
Agronomy character
 
Observation of agronomic character in yam bean are presented in Table 3. The 6th-generation hopeful strain yam bean has highest total leaves in cluster E, the longest of length and width of the terminal leaves in cluster F, the highest number of terminal leaf angles in cluster F, the highest of formation of terminal leaf angles in cluster F, the highest terminal 1 petiole length in cluster B, the longest of length of the terminal 2 petiole in cluster F, the highest ratio of terminal 1 and terminal 2 petiole length in clusters A and B and the largest stem diameter in cluster G. The yam bean has the fastest flowering start life in cluster A, the longest flower crown length in cluster G, the widest size in cluster G  the longest  flower pistils  in cluster C.

Table 3: Characteristics of agronomy yam bean.


       
The yam bean have a single tuber, but some have more than 1 tuber, namely in clusters D and F. Yam bean tubers vary in weight, diameter and length. The yam bean tuber with the highest weight per tuber is cluster B, the highest planting tuber weight is cluster F, the longest tuber in cluster E, The highest tuber width in cluster B. The yam bean has the longest seed size in clusters D and F, the highest width in cluster D. This sixth-generation yam bean has the advantage of high productivity. This research finding aligns with (Rajiman et al., 2025) that this yam bean has significantly higher productivity than the banyumas (920.89 kg/ha), kediri (808 kg/ha), madura (723 kg/ha) and padang strains (656 kg/ha).
       
Leaf, stem, tuber and seed formation are influenced by the plant’s ability to translocate photosynthesis results to leaves (Widaryanto et al., 2018). Formation can be accelerated by environmental conditions (Fatmawati et al., 2017). Organoleptically, the 6th generation of yam bean showed a slight increase in sweetness compared to the 5th generation. This condition indicates that there has been an improvement in the breeding of yam bean.

CONCLUSION

Based on the morphological character of the 6th generation hope strain yam bean can be grouped into 7 clusters with the most members in cluster F. The 6th generation yam bean has similarities in all the characteristics of leaves, stems, tubers, seeds and some of the characteristics of the flower (flower shape, flower crown shape, flower petal colour), but has a differentiating character in the flower, namely the colour of the flower crown, Flower bud colour, flower stylus colour and flower seed colour. The agronomic characteristics of yam bean are creeping growth, varying to the number of leaves, terminal leaf length, terminal leaf width, number of terminal leaf angles, large leaf angles, length of terminal petiole 1, length of terminal petiole 2, diameter of stem, flowering start, length of flower crown, flower crown width, flower pistil length, planting tuber weight, weight per tuber, tuber width and length, seed length, seed width and productivity, but have relativety the same number of tubers.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The authors would like to thank the Agricultural Development Polytechnic of Yogyakarta -Magelang for supporting this research.
 
Disclaimers
 
The views and conclusions expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of their affiliated institutions. The authors are responsible for the accuracy and completeness of the information provided, but do not accept any liability for any direct or indirect loss resulting from the use of this content.
 
Informed consent
 
There are no animal procedures in this study.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this article. No funding or sponsorship influenced the design of the study, data collection, analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

REFERENCES


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    Full Research Article

    Diversity of Agro-morphological Characteristics in Yam Bean (Pachyrhizus erosus L.) Strains from Breeding

    R
    Rajiman Rajiman1,*
    0009-007-0805-8249
    A
    Agus Wartapa1
    R
    Rose Kharisma Septiani1
    Z
    Zelvin Adella Nevariska1
    S
    Sari Megawati1
    1Agricultural Development Polytechnic of Yogyakarta-Magelang, Jl. Kusumanegara No. 2, Yogyakarta City, Special Region of Yogyakarta 55167, Indonesia.

    ABSTRACT

    Background: The cultivation of yam beans by farmers mostly uses free strains, due to the limited number of superior purple varieties. The research aims to determine the morphological and agronomic characteristics of the yam bean breed.
    Methods: The research materials used were 5th-generation yam bean seeds. The research design used a single plant: planting and observing each individual from 5th-generation yam bean seeds, a total of 34 plants. The observation parameters consist of agronomic and morphological characteristics of yam bean plants. Diversity data were analysed using a dendrogram.
    Result: The results of the study show that based on the morphological characteristics of the yam bean of the strain can be grouped into 7 clusters with the most members in cluster F. The 6th generation yam bean has similarities in all the characteristics of leaves, stems, tubers, seeds and some of the characteristics of the flower (flower shape, flower crown shape, flower petal colour), but has a differentiating character in the flower, namely the colour of the flower crown, Flower bud colour, flower stylus colour and flower seed colour. The agronomic characteristics of yam bean are creeping growth, varying to the number of leaves, terminal leaf length, terminal leaf width, number of terminal leaf angles, large leaf angles, length of terminal petiole 1, length of terminal petiole 2, diameter of stem, flowering start, length of flower crown, flower crown width, flower pistil length, planting tuber weight, weight per tuber, tuber width and length, seed length, seed width and productivity, but have relatively the same number of tubers.

    INTRODUCTION

    Yam bean can serve as food, medicine and cosmetics (Ningsih et al., 2019). Yam bean contains 50 phytochemicals, including flavonoids, fatty acids, organic acids and triterpenoids (Jaiswal et al., 2022). Variety determines the yield and quality of yam bean tubers. Yam bean cultivation carried out by farmers mostly uses free strains because superior varieties are limited in the community (Ningsih et al., 2019).
           
    This condition provides an opportunity for breeders to obtain superior genetic potential, including agronomic characteristics (Kamila et al., 2023). Plant breeding begins by selecting individuals from the population using genetic resources (germplasm). Varieties can be produced through the use of germplasm or crossbreeding (Putri et al., 2022).
           
    Assembly of new varieties can be started from the selection of potential strains to obtain permanent plant characteristics as determinants of variety diversity or identity (Rihadi et al., 2021; Tabor et al., 2024) and differences in the main characteristics of a plant (Ramteke et al., 2024). Plant characteristics are reflected in agronomic and morphological characteristics (Hayati and Kasiamdari, 2024). The main indicator of plant breeding results is genetic changes (Bağcý  et al., 2022; Khazaie et al., 2024; Ramteke et al., 2024). The results of breeding can be seen from the aspect of genetic stability (Vardhan et al., 2025) as indicated by growth parameters, harvest yields and quality (Mohanty et al., 2026).
           
    Plant morphological characteristics are a form of change in the physical characteristics of plants that can be a measure of diversity between plants (Renaldi and Purwantoro, 2022; Yousefi et al., 2024). Yousefi et al., (2024) stated that genetic diversity can be an opportunity to produce promising strains. The morphological characteristics are a tool to help evaluate the success of superior varieties in adapting to the environment (Patel et al., 2025; Thanh et al., 2026). The method for assessing the success of plant assembly can use Cluster analysis based on morphological characteristics (Prihaningsih et al., 2023).
           
    Since 2019, assembly has been carried out to obtain promising yam bean strains up to stage 6. Yam bean breeding produces strains with productivity advantages of 1,214.23 kg/ha. The research aims to determine the morphological and agronomic characteristics of the breed yam bean.

    MATERIALS AND METHODS

    Research was conducted in Berbah, Sleman Regency, Yogyakarta Province, from April to October 2024. The equipment used in the research was cultivation tools, rulers, callipers, bows, royal horticultural society (RHS) colour charts, a refractometer and digital scales. The research used materials including 5th-generation yam bean seeds, manure and inorganic fertilisers. The study used a single-plant design, planting and observing each yam bean plant in the 6th generation. Yam bean planting was carried out in 4 beds, totalling 34 plants.
             
    This research followed the following stages: Land preparation, seed preparation, planting, maintenance and harvesting. Land preparation consists of tilling the soil and making beds. Tillage was thoroughly carried out, then a bed measuring 1.2 meters by 3 meters was formed. The beds were given basic fertilisers, including manure and inorganic fertilisers. The final stage of land preparation was covered with mulch and hollowed out at a planting distance of 30 cm x 40 cm. Planting began with a thoughtful selection, then it was soaked in warm water for about 12 hours. The seeds are then planted using tugal, with yam bean seeds inserted to a depth of 2.5 cm. Maintenance includes watering, fertilising and pruning. Watering is carried out periodically. Follow-up fertilisation with NPK was carried out twice: the first at 30 DAP and the second at 70 DAP, with a dose of 3 g/plant using Sigh. Pruning is carried out three times: at 30 DAP (one month old), 60 DAP (two months old) and 90 DAP (three months old). Yam bean harvest is carried out after ± 4 months after planting. Harvesting is carried out by uprooting, then separating the tubers and other parts. The research observation was carried out on the morphological characters of yam bean, including growth type, stem, leaves, tubers and seeds ((Rajiman et al., 2025).
           
    Data processing uses Excel, presented descriptively and clustered. The cluster analysis was performed using OriginPro software and presented as a dendrogram. The results of the dendrogram can be used to see the success of breeding in the form of clusters (Khazaie et al., 2024; Reddy et al., 2025).

    RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

    Diversity of yam bean
     
    The results of the dendrogram can be used to see the success of breeding in the form of clusters (Khazaie et al., 2024; Reddy et al., 2025; Sharma et al., 2026). The genetic diversity of the initiation results ranges from 0% to 100%. In this study, the clustering was based on a diversity level of more than 80%. The results of the diversity analysis are presented as a cluster analysis. Based on morphological characteristics, the expected strain can be grouped into 7 clusters (Fig 1).

    Fig 1: Cluster of yam bean hope strain generation 6th.


           
    Fig 1 shows that the 6th generation expectation strain is divided into 7 clusters. Cluster A consists of 1 plant, Cluster B consists of 1 plant, Cluster C consists of 2 plants, Cluster D consists of 1 plant, Cluster E consists of 9 plants,  Cluster F consists of 16 plants and Cluster G consists of 1 plant (Abd-Elsam  et al., 2025; Akinyosoye, 2022; Yousefi et al., 2024). The cluster A has a low number of leaves, moderate productivity, large tuber diameter and a tuber count of 1. Cluster B has a moderate number of leaves, high productivity, large tuber diameter and a tuber count of 1. Cluster C has a moderate number of leaves, high productivity, medium tuber diameter and a tuber count of 1. Cluster D has a high number of leaves, high productivity, medium tuber size and a tuber count of more than 1. Cluster E has a high number of leaves, low productivity, small tuber diameter and a tuber count of 1.Cluster F has a high number of leaves, high productivity, medium tuber size and a tuber count of more than 1. Cluster G has a low number of leaves, low productivity, large tuber diameter and a tuber count of 1. Higher diversity indicates a stronger relationship, so it has the potential to become a new strain (Ibirinde et al., 2019). The main indicator in breeding is genetic changes (Khazaie et al., 2024; Ramteke et al., 2024) to produce superior strains.
     
    Morphological characteristics
     
    The morphological characteristics of yam bean plants are evident in their growth, leaves, stems, flowers, seeds and tubers (Table 1). All yam bean plants assembled in the 6th generation exhibit creeping growth. The leaves of the yam bean plant have characteristics: rhombus shape, pointed tip, flat edge, hairy surface and green leaf colour (137 B).  The appearance of yam bean leaves is all uniform and nothing is different. This is because the colour of the leaves is dominated by the presence of chlorophyll. 

    Table 1: Appearance of growth type, leaves, stem, seeds and tubers of yam bean.


           
    The yam bean stem has the following characteristics: a round stem shape, a light green stem colour (RHS 144A) and a light green petiole colour (RHS 144A). The pigment content of chlorophyll influences the colour of the yam bean stem. According to (Nurchayati  et al., 2019) colour differences  are caused by variations in pigment  content in the tissues that make up plant parts.
           
    The flowers have the character of a medium raised crown, light green flower petal colour (144A), flower crown colour is the purple (RHS N77, N 80 and N 81), flower bud colour is the yellow (RHS 150-154), flower stylus colour is the yellow (154 D) and flower seed colour is the bright greenish yellow (RHS 151 D). The shape of yam bean seeds falls into the categories of round and elongated and the colour of the seeds includes yellowish green (146 A) (Table 2). The purple colour is caused by the accumulation of anthocyanin content (Sharma et al., 2026). According to (Nurchayati  et al., 2019) colour differences are caused by variations in pigment content to plant parts. Yam bean flower as an indicator of reproductive capacity (Czékus  et al., 2025).

    Table 2: Character appearance of flower yam bean.


           
    The yam bean tubers have a characteristic top with brown skin (RHS 163D), white flesh (RHS 153D) and a slightly sweet flesh. In addition, yams contain flavonoids and phenolic acids (George  et al., 2020).
           
    Assessment of genomic character changes using morphological (Rajiman et al., 2025; Silva et al., 2016). The morphological parameters of the plant, including stem, leaves, flowers, seeds and tubers, are essential for determining yam bean yield. This is because each strain/accession has a specific morphological character difference (Baiyeri  et al., 2022). 
     
    Agronomy character
     
    Observation of agronomic character in yam bean are presented in Table 3. The 6th-generation hopeful strain yam bean has highest total leaves in cluster E, the longest of length and width of the terminal leaves in cluster F, the highest number of terminal leaf angles in cluster F, the highest of formation of terminal leaf angles in cluster F, the highest terminal 1 petiole length in cluster B, the longest of length of the terminal 2 petiole in cluster F, the highest ratio of terminal 1 and terminal 2 petiole length in clusters A and B and the largest stem diameter in cluster G. The yam bean has the fastest flowering start life in cluster A, the longest flower crown length in cluster G, the widest size in cluster G  the longest  flower pistils  in cluster C.

    Table 3: Characteristics of agronomy yam bean.


           
    The yam bean have a single tuber, but some have more than 1 tuber, namely in clusters D and F. Yam bean tubers vary in weight, diameter and length. The yam bean tuber with the highest weight per tuber is cluster B, the highest planting tuber weight is cluster F, the longest tuber in cluster E, The highest tuber width in cluster B. The yam bean has the longest seed size in clusters D and F, the highest width in cluster D. This sixth-generation yam bean has the advantage of high productivity. This research finding aligns with (Rajiman et al., 2025) that this yam bean has significantly higher productivity than the banyumas (920.89 kg/ha), kediri (808 kg/ha), madura (723 kg/ha) and padang strains (656 kg/ha).
           
    Leaf, stem, tuber and seed formation are influenced by the plant’s ability to translocate photosynthesis results to leaves (Widaryanto et al., 2018). Formation can be accelerated by environmental conditions (Fatmawati et al., 2017). Organoleptically, the 6th generation of yam bean showed a slight increase in sweetness compared to the 5th generation. This condition indicates that there has been an improvement in the breeding of yam bean.

    CONCLUSION

    Based on the morphological character of the 6th generation hope strain yam bean can be grouped into 7 clusters with the most members in cluster F. The 6th generation yam bean has similarities in all the characteristics of leaves, stems, tubers, seeds and some of the characteristics of the flower (flower shape, flower crown shape, flower petal colour), but has a differentiating character in the flower, namely the colour of the flower crown, Flower bud colour, flower stylus colour and flower seed colour. The agronomic characteristics of yam bean are creeping growth, varying to the number of leaves, terminal leaf length, terminal leaf width, number of terminal leaf angles, large leaf angles, length of terminal petiole 1, length of terminal petiole 2, diameter of stem, flowering start, length of flower crown, flower crown width, flower pistil length, planting tuber weight, weight per tuber, tuber width and length, seed length, seed width and productivity, but have relativety the same number of tubers.

    ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

    The authors would like to thank the Agricultural Development Polytechnic of Yogyakarta -Magelang for supporting this research.
     
    Disclaimers
     
    The views and conclusions expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of their affiliated institutions. The authors are responsible for the accuracy and completeness of the information provided, but do not accept any liability for any direct or indirect loss resulting from the use of this content.
     
    Informed consent
     
    There are no animal procedures in this study.

    CONFLICT OF INTEREST

    The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this article. No funding or sponsorship influenced the design of the study, data collection, analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

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