<div>Background: Fracture is one of the common problems encountered in dogs. Fracture healing most of the times results into complications like delayed union, mal-union and non-union. To deal with these complications bone grafting is an important technique lying with clinicians. 
 
Methods: The present study was conducted on 14 clinical cases of dogs with femur fracture. After preliminary examination the dogs were randomly divided into two groups. In group A (n=8) fractures were managed by intramedullary pinning and in group B (n=6), fractures were managed by IM pinning and demineralised bone matrix (DBM) xenograft implantation at the fracture site. The efficacy of the treatment was assessed on the basis of clinical, hemato-biochemical and radiographic observation on day 0 and on 7th, 15th, 30th, 45th and 60th post-operative days.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The pain, lameness and weight bearing scores on the affected limb showed non-significant (P&gt;0.05) variations between the two groups on different post-operative intervals. The hematological parameters also varied non-significantly (P&gt;0.05) between the two groups. A significant (P&lt;0.05) increase in the serum alkaline phosphatase values was observed upto 30th post-operative day in group B animals as compared to group A animals and thereafter it gradually decreases and return to normal level on 60th post-operative day in both the groups. Radiographic scores were better in group B dogs. Early radiographic signs of fracture healing were observed in group B dogs than group A dogs. No any graft related complications were observed during the study.</div>

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Clinical Evaluation Osteogenic Properties of Demineralised Bone Matrix (DBM) Xenograft in Femur Fracture in Dogs

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a widespread endocrine disorder characterized by high level of androgen, unsuccessful ovulation, development of several cysts within the ovaries and related metabolic problems. The relevance of existing animal models in real-life contexts remains limited in the view of detailed studies. This review critically evaluates available PCOS constructs as they reproduce some of the attributes such as hyperandrogenism or insulin resistance but are unable to provide a comprehensive representation of the diversity of the condition, such as lean and non-hyperandrogenic phenotypes. Moreover, many of the models do not take into account developmental stages, long-term outcomes or effects of neuroendocrine and immune mechanisms. The current technological achievements indicate the possible ways out of these limitations. A comprehensive literature search was conducted using prominent biological and medical search engines, including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar which primarily focuses on studies, detailing animal models of PCOS. CRISPR gene editing technology, transplantation of gut microbiota, organ-on-chip technology and humanized xenograft models offer opportunities to develop systems that can be precisely applied to real-life situations. Integrative advanced model is essential in detecting biological influences, such as hormonal, metabolic, immunological, neuroendocrine and environmental factors, at various stages in life. Advanced models will further increase the understanding of the pathophysiology of PCOS and the evaluation of novel interventions, including insulin sensitizers, microbiota modulators, anti-inflammatory drugs, hormonal therapies and anti-androgens. This review represents a systematic initiative to improve animal model techniques that can hasten translational research innovations and enhance mechanistic understanding and treatment of PCOS. 
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Clinical Evaluation Osteogenic Properties of Demineralised Bone Matrix (DBM) Xenograft in Femur Fracture in Dogs

The Evolving Landscape of PCOS- Integrative Animal Models for a Complex Clinical Challenge: A Review