The present study concentration (1% = 10000 ppm) of the acetone extracts of various plant parts of groundnut were &nbsp;prepared to determine the specific acetone extract of the groundnut plant part(s) to optimizing the foraging behavior of Trichogramma chilonis Ishii and Chrysoperla zastrowi sillemi (Esben-Peterson). Laboratory bioassay with acetone extracts of young leaves, old leaves, flowers and stems of groundnut plant with T. chilonis and C. zastrowi sillemi revealed their kairomonal activities under in vitro condition. Treating irradiated eggs of Corcyra cephalonica Stainton with acetone extract of flowers of groundnut recorded the parasitization of 16.97 per cent by T. chilonis on third day after inoculation which increased from 56.87 to 73.14 per cent on fifth and seventh day after inoculation and they were 6.33, 19.77 and 25.64 per cent when the eggs were treated with acetone alone on third, fifth and seventh days after inoculation, respectively. Maximum emergence (66.11%) was observed with acetone extract of flowers followed by acetone extract of young leaves (49.82%). The highest predation by C. zastrowi sillemi on acetone extract of flowers treated eggs of C. cephalonica was recorded (69.97%) whereas it was 26.94 per cent in acetone treated eggs.&nbsp;

Kairomonal effect of acetone extracts of groundnut on foraging activities of Trichogramma chilonis (Ishii) and Chrysoperla zastrowi sillemi (Esben-Peterson)

<div>Backround: Helicoverpa armigera is major maize pest, while Conopomorpha cramerella is cocoa is main insect pest. Their larvaes lie in corn cob and cocoa pulp which can be controlled using egg parasitoids.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Exploring H. armigera eggs on female flowers on a corn plant along the 50 m line at 10 points with a 4 m distance to obtain parasitoids. C. cramrella. Egg parasitoids were obtained by taking eggs from cacao pod, while Corcyra cephalonica from egg traps along a straight line with 10 points with 3 m distance. 
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Result: H. armigera egg parasitoids include Trichogramma sp. and Trichogrammatoidea armigera. Corn grown in between coconut palms has higher parasitism than without coconut palm shade and highest parasitism was in Bolaang (60.91&plusmn;2.52 %). Parasitoids of Trichogaramma sp. produce unrearable female offsprings in C. cephalonica&nbsp;eggs. Dominant Trichogrammatoidea sp. were found in egg traps while only two C. cramerella parasitized eggs were found in cacao pod. Dominant Trichogaramma sp. Parasitoids in egg traps were found in Tombariri. C. cephalonica egg trap is the latest method for monitoring Trichogrammatoidea sp parasitoid The parasitism of Trichogrammatoidea sp. on C. cramerella eggs and C. cephalonica egg traps is low.</div>

Egg Parasitoid Complex of Helicoverpha armigera (H&uuml;bner) and Conopomorpha cramrella Snellen in North Sulawesi

<div>Background: In India, out of the total loss incurred by different insect pests of paddy, 25 to 30 per cent damage is done by stem borer alone. Many conventional insecticides though have been evaluated against stem borers, yet, most of the chemicals have failed to provide adequate control. Hence, the present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of some newer molecules of insecticides and bio-control agents. 
 
Methods: Field trials were conducted to record the seasonal incidence and to evaluate the efficacy of insecticides and bio-control agents against the stem borer species in rice during Kharif and Rabi.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Field experiments revealed that during Kharif 2018, chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC was highly effective with 92.98 and 91.24 per cent reduction of stem borer infestation over control at vegetative and reproductive stages, respectively and recorded a high yield of 5720 kg/ha followed by spinetoram 11.7 SC with 83.16 and 80.82 per cent reduction of stem borer over control at vegetative and reproductive stages, respectively. During Rabi 2019, spinetoram 11.7 SC was highly effective with 92.36 and 93.73 per cent reduction of stem borer infestation over control at vegetative and reproductive stages respectively and recorded a high yield of 4570 kg/ ha, followed by chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC with 84.60 and 91.48 per cent reduction of stem borer at vegetative and reproductive stages, respectively. The difference in the efficacy of insecticides during Khaif, 2018 and Rabi, 2019, might be due to shift in the species occurrence of stem borer, with a dominant occurrence of yellow stem borer (80.61%) in Kharif 2018 and pink stem borer (70.00%) in Rabi, 2019. The bio-control agent Trichogramma japonicum exerted minimum reduction of stem borer with a low grain yield of 3946.6 kg/ha.</div>

Kairomonal effect of acetone extracts of groundnut on foraging activities of Trichogramma chilonis (Ishii) and Chrysoperla zastrowi sillemi (Esben-Peterson)

Egg Parasitoid Complex of Helicoverpha armigera (Hübner) and Conopomorpha cramrella Snellen in North Sulawesi

Relative Abundance and Field Efficacy of Insecticides and Bio-control Agents Against Stem Borer Species in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)