Background: Robusta coffee is a type of cultivated agricultural commodity. It is grown to produce high-quality coffee. The weather conditions have a significant impact on the characteristics of green coffee beans, such as their aroma and taste. As a result, fluctuations in weather conditions can affect the quality of the final product. 
 
Methods: This study assessed Robusta coffee beans&cent;physical properties and defects in southern Thailand. The characteristics of green coffee beans and the weather variations of the southern peninsula were observed. 
 
Result: It was found that significantly different proportions of normal, pea berry and defective coffee beans were found across geographical regions. In areas with high rainy days and total rainfall, full black disorder had a higher incidence (16.46%) of defective coffee beans. Additionally, the geometric mean diameter (GMD) and surface area of green coffee beans had a significant positive correlation with minimum temperature (Tmin) after the 6-to 9-month period of fruit setting. This study indicates that recent weather variations have had a significant impact on the characteristics and quality of Robusta green beans. The improvement of green coffee bean practices to achieve high-quality Robusta beans in response to pre-harvest weather conditions should be further investigated.

Impact of Seasonal Weather Variations on Physical Attributes of Robusta Coffee Beans

<div>Background: Elevated temperature and water stress are the key limiting factors affecting the kidney bean yield. Climate change is projected to enhance these risks for successful crop production. However quantified information, which is limited, on temperatures stress at various growth phases in combination with water regimes, becomes important for optimizing management decisions for higher productivity of kidney bean. The current study is aimed to fill this gap. 
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Methods: A field experiment was conducted during January-April 2020, to investigate the effect of irrigation and temperature regimes on growth parameters and yield of kidney bean. Temperature treatments imposed were elevated temperature for entire crop period i) ~4.6&deg;C ii) ~3.1&deg;C iii) ~2.8&deg;C above mean ambient (19.6&deg;C), iv) ambient temperature Tmax and Tmin regime of 25.9/13.4&deg;C (mean 19.6&deg;C), v) elevated temperature during pre-flowering phase (~3.7&deg;C above mean ambient during that period, 19.6&deg;C), vi) flowering phase (~5.3&deg;C above mean ambient during that period, 23.1&deg;C) and pod-filling phase (~5.2&deg;C above mean ambient during that period, 28.9&deg;C). These were combined with i) two irrigations (applied at sowing and seedling phase) and ii) three irrigations (additional irrigation at pod-filling phase). 
 
Result: Elevated temperature regimes led to shortening of the crop duration. LAI, NDVI, net photosynthesis and seed yield were higher in plants exposed to continuous elevated temperature. Heat shock during pre-flowering and flowering led to reduction in yield. Despite exposure to elevated temperature, supplemental irrigation led to higher yield. Seed yield loss was greater when temperature stress coincided with water stress. The negative effects of high temperature were significantly curtailed by provision of supplemental irrigation.</div>

Impact of Seasonal Weather Variations on Physical Attributes of Robusta Coffee Beans

Physiological Response of Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) to Varying Temperature and Irrigation Regimes