Background: Tea polyphenols are extracted from top two - four young leaves and leaf buds of tea plant, while the bottom leaves of tea shrub are considered as an agricultural waste. Hence, an attempt has been made to utilise them as an alternate source of low-cost natural antioxidant.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Green tea shrub bottom leaves of Camellia sinensis Var. assamica /TV-23 were procured from Estate- Seni Mora Bagan, Karanga kamar, Hazarika Gaon, Tal. Karga Dist. Jorhat, Assam. Proximate analysis, total phenolic (Folin-Ciocalteau) and qualitative analysis (Agilent LC-MS system) for phenolic compounds including antioxidant properties was carried out using standard analytical methods.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The results for proximate content were protein (14.43%), lipids (4.44%), total ash (4.94%), crude fibre (33.63%) and moisture (3.20%). A total phenolic content of dry green tea powder extracts prepared by using ethanol was 105.68 mg GAE/g dry tea powder. Total 12 different bioactive compounds were identified by HR-LCMS. The antioxidant properties were DPPH (89.82%), ABTS (74.71%), FRAP (1053.92 &micro; mol Trolox/gram dry tea powder) and metal chelating activity (17.51%). Based on the study we opine that; tea shrub bottom leaves can act as a promising source of low-cost tea polyphenols when extracted with ethanol as a solvent for value added fish product shelf life extension.

Phenolic Content and Characterization of Tea Shrub Bottom Leaves

<div>Background: Nowadays people are health-concerned and consume more of functional foods. Thus, this study is focused on developing a drinking yoghurt incorporated with green tea (Camellia sinensis) extract as a functional ingredient. 
 
Methods: Green tea extract (GTE) was obtained by brewing 02 g of dried green tea leaves in 100 mL of water at 90&deg;C for 30 minutes. Drinking yoghurts were prepared with standardized sterilized milk incorporated with 0%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25% (v/v) of GTE. Physio-chemical, microbial and sensory analysis were conducted to evaluate the quality attributes of the developed product. It was stored under refrigerated conditions (4&deg;C) for 15 days. 
 
Result: Sensory data showed that 25% green tea extract incorporated drinking yoghurt had the best organoleptic properties. It had the significantly (p&lt;0.05) highest ash and lowest fat contents compared to the control. Significantly (p&lt;0.05) higher pH and lower titratable acidity values were observed in 25% green tea extract incorporated yoghurt compared to the control on 15th day of storage. The microbial analysis did not show the presence of coliform. In conclusion, yoghurt incorporated with 25% (v/v) green tea extract has better organoleptic properties and nutritional value while it can be stored under refrigerated conditions for 15 days without any quality deterioration while producing at affordable price.</div>

<div>Developing a Low-fat Drinking Yoghurt by Incorporating Green Tea (Camellia sinensis) Extract as a Functional Ingredient</div>

<div>Background: Production of microbial enzymes at the industrial scale and their commercialization has attained a lot of value and public focus. Usage of micro organisms as bio-reactors begins due to the evolution of enzymes produced by microorganisms. There are so many industrially significant enzymes are&nbsp; originated from microbes, that include pectinases, lipases, amylases, proteases, xylynases etc. 
&nbsp; 
Methods: The actual work involved the use of microbes isolated from the decaying orange peel and tomato pulp for the extraction of the pectinase enzyme. The organisms were isolated and screened from the samples and were cultured onto pectin agar plate. Morphological and microscopic identification revealed that the bacteria isolated was Bacillus sp. Pectinase production media was later used for the lab scale production of pectinase enzyme by inoculating the bacteria and incubating for 48 hours. The enzyme thus produced was purified by Various methods. The pectinase enzymes isolated from bacillus sp. were used for improvement of tea leaves quality and clarification. The enzymes were characterized and purified. 
&nbsp; 
Results: The outcome of both purified pectinase enzymes and crude enzyme preparation on the improvement of tea extracts were determined in terms of flavanoids (310mg/gm), DPPH (49mg/gm), caffeine content (0.56-0.95), moisture content (7.2-6.7%), ash (4.1-4.6%), total phenol content (285mg/gm), and pH(6) and the shelf life analysis of the tea produced. The results thus obtained can conclude that the use of Bacillus sp. in the industrial production of pectinase is highly beneficial. According to the findings obtained from the study the enzyme treated tea extract improves its various quality parameters than the tea extracts which is non enzyme treated. And the utilization of microbial pectinase produced from bio-waste were most cost effective and yield good results for industrial use.</div>

Isolation of Pectinolytic Bacteria from Decayed Orange Peel (Citrus sinensis) in Clarification of Tea Extract

Background: Automatic feature extraction using convolutional neural networks has proven to be useful for a variety of computer vision tasks. Disease detection in plants is one such task that can be performed using convolutional neural network. Precise and timely disease detection in plants is crucial for better crop yield. So, state of the art technologies like convolutional neural network can help in developing efficient applications for this purpose. 
 
Methods: Here, we have performed an empirical study of five convolutional neural network architectures namely, VGG19, ResNet152V2, InceptionV3, MobileNetV2 and DenseNet201 for detecting diseases in tea leaves. Tea leaves affected with gray blight, red spot, brown blight, algal spot and helopeltis disease were used for the study. We have employed transfer learning models to address the issue of requiring a large number of data samples for training a convolutional neural network. The models were ranked based on their performances. We also proposed an enhanced DenseNet201 (E-DenseNet201) model by integrating channel attention module with DenseNet201 and compared its performance with the convolutional neural network architectures used here. 
 
Result: DenseNet201 demonstrated the highest performance among the five models with precision and recall value of 95.97% and 95.49% respectively. Further improvements were observed in the performance of E-DenseNet201 with precision and recall value of 98.15% and 97.5%.

E-DenseNet201: An Enhanced Method for Detecting Diseases in Tea Leaves

Background: Moringa leaf extract (MLE) is one of the natural ingredients that can improve the quality of preserved semen by preventing sperm lipid oxidation and increase the sperm storage time. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the effect of Moringa oleifera leaves extract on boar semen quality during short-term preservation at liquid state. 
&nbsp; 
Methods: Four mature healthy Large White Yorkshire boars of about 1.5-2 years age group having good reproductive health was selected for the study. Ten ejaculates were collected from each boar. Each ejaculate was divided into 4 aliquots (equal volume and sperm concentration) and Moringa oleifera leaves extract&nbsp;(MLE) @ 0 &micro;g/ml (control), 100 &micro;g/ml, 200 &micro;g/ml and 300 &micro;g/ml w/v was mixed in each aliquot after extension of semen samples with beltsville thaw solution (BTS) extender. The semen was evaluated for initial motility, percent live sperm, sperm abnormalities, sperm membrane integrity, acrosomal integrity and level of lipid peroxidation. Ten gilts/sows were artificially inseminated in each group with the liquid preserved semen to record the conception rates and litter size. 
&nbsp; 
Result: The percent sperm motility, live sperm, plasma membrane integrity and acrosomal integrity of boar spermatozoa were decreased significantly (P&lt;0.01) while preserving the semen sample by using BTS extenders along with 100 &micro;g/ml,200 &micro;g/ml and 300 &micro;g/ml Moringa oleifera leaves extract at 18&deg;C for 48 hours. The mean percent of motile sperm, live sperm, intact plasma membrane, intact acrosome among the groups i.e., 100 &micro;g/ml, 200 &micro;g/ml and 300 &micro;g/ml Moringa oleifera leaves extract were increased significantly (P&lt;0.01) as compared to control at 24 and 48 hours of preservation. The mean percentage of sperm abnormalities and lipid peroxidation among the groups i.e., 100 &micro;g/ml, 200 &micro;g/ml and 300 &micro;g/ml Moringa oleifera leaves extract were increased significantly (P&lt;0.05) at 0, 24 and 48 (P&lt;0.01) at hours of preservation as compared to control group. The supplementation of Moringa oleifera leaves extract in BTS extender at concentration of 100 &micro;g/ml, 200 &micro;g/ml and 300 &micro;g/ml significantly improved the Large White Yorkshire boar&rsquo;s semen quality during short term preservation at 18&deg;C as compared to control. The conception rate and average litter size at birth among the groups were increased significantly (P&lt;0.01) as compared to control (C). The significantly (P&lt;0.01) higher conception rate and litter size at birth was recorded in T3 group i.e. 300 &micro;g/ml Moringa oleifera leaves extract supplemented semen. In conclusion, the concentration of 300 &micro;g/ml Moringa oleifera leaves extract was found to be better among other concentrations. 
&nbsp;

Effect of Moringa oleifera Leaves Extract on Quality of Preserved Boar Semen

<div>Background: Some of the heavy metals are considered beneficial, if intake of them is within permissible trace amount and some other are highly toxic even in trace amount. So, heavy metals intake is one of the major concerns. Heavy metals enter into body via air, water, food, clothing and some of them gets accumulate in body organs this leads to many disorders and causes life threatening diseases including cancer. All of our food comes from plants directly or indirectly. Tea the highly consuming beverage after water comes from the leaves of plant/shrub Camellia Sinensis. 
 
Methods: Aim of the present work is to determine the elements present in Tea brew (Chai, boiling the Tea leaves in water) made from black Tea leaves of major brands available in local Indian market, more specifically heavy metals Cobalt (Co), Arsenic (As), Silver (Ag), Cadmium (Cd), Indium (In), mercury (Hg) and Lead (Pb). Total eleven samples were investigated with the instrument Perkin Elmer NexIon-300x Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer (ICP-MS). &nbsp; 
 
Result: Results have shown that Cobalt, Arsenic, Cadmium, Indium and Lead were present in all samples. Cobalt concentration varies from lowest 71.9 &micro;g/kg to highest 214.3 &micro;g/kg; Arsenic concentration varies from lowest 1.2 &micro;g/kg to highest 53.7 &micro;g/kg; Cadmium concentration varies from lowest 15.4 &micro;g/kg to highest 75.03 &micro;g/kg; Indium concentration varies from lowest 0.054 &micro;g/kg to highest 0.70 &micro;g/kg; Lead concentration varies from lowest 61.0 &micro;g/kg to highest 2404.3 &micro;g/kg. Mercury was present in two samples only in S9 and S11 with concentration 6.2 &micro;g/kg and 1.4 &micro;g/kg respectively; Out of eleven samples only seven samples have shown the presence of Silver its concentration varies from lowest 10.3 &micro;g/kg to highest 193.0 &micro;g/kg; Samples S2, S7, S8 and S10 were shown the absence of Silver and Mercury; Lead was found to be most abundant with concentration 2404.3 &micro;g/kg and Indium was found to be least abundant with concentration 0.054 &micro;g/kg.</div>

<div>Estimation of Heavy Metals in Some Indian Black Tea Leaves by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer (ICP-MS) and Associated Health Risks</div>

<div>Background: Papaya leaves produce several metabolites that may be toxic to an insect pest. In East Java, it is easy to find two cultivars in the yard, plantation, and moors, such as Thailand and local papaya. However, information about their utilization as bio-pesticides remains limited. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between those papaya cultivars and the effect of their extracts on Spodoptera litura larvae. 
 
Methods: The Thailand papaya cultivar (TPC) and Indonesian papaya cultivar (IPC) leaves were obtained from the medium and lowlands and were macerated with methanol until obtained a papaya leaves extract (PLE). The S. litura larvae on the instar phase 2 (n= 630) were used for treatment. The Ricinus communis leaves were sprayed with PLE concentrations of 0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50% and fed to S. litura larvae.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Based on the secondary metabolites, the papaya cultivars form two clusters associated with its origin. The 40 and 50% concentrations of PLE significantly affect the mortality and head-capsule width of S. litura indicated with broken pupae and failure to transform to imago. This result signifies the potential of papaya leaves extract as bioinsecticide for S. litura larvae.</div>

The Bio-Insecticidal Activity of Papaya (Carica papaya L.) Leaves Extract against Spodoptera litura Fabr. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Larval Growth

Background: In the present study, it was aimed at evaluating the efficacy of ethanolic extract of Punica granatum seed, Bambusa arundinaceae leaves and Trichosanthes diocio fruit on their anti-osteoporotic activity in ovariectomized (OVX) rats and mcf-7 cell line to identify their osteoprotective role.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Thirty six female albino wistar OVX rats were treated with the ethanolic extract of Punica granatum seed, Bambusa arundinaceae leaves and Trichosanthes diocio fruit for 45 days. The ethanolic extracts were given in different concentrations for 24 h and a cytotoxicity study was carried out by trypan blue dye exclusion assay.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The ethanolic extract of Punica granatum seed, Bambusa arundinaceae leaves and Trichosanthes diocio fruit treated notably averted an OVX-induced increase in body weight. Moreover, exposure to ethanolic extract of Bambusa arundinacea significantly decreased lipid peroxidation and protein carbonyl formation. Treated mcf-7 cell line viability was also increased. All these finding suggest that the ethanolic extract of Punica granatum seed, Bambusa arundinaceae leaves&nbsp;and Trichosanthes diocio fruit have an important role in reducing osteoporosis.

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In vivo and in vitro Study to Evaluate the Anti-osteoporotic Activity of Punica granatum Seed, Bambusa arundinaceae Leaves and Trichosanthes diocio Fruit Ethanolic Extract

<div>Background: Herbs are abundantly grown throughout India&#39;s numerous states, which encourages the development of herbs-infused products that provide health advantages in addition to flavour and taste for functional dairy products. Hence, the present study was undertaken to develop functional chhana spread by using moringa leaves extractions as a source of antioxidants and phenolics. 
 
Methods: The chhana spread was formulated with moringa leaves extractions at different incorporation levels of 4%, 6%, and 8% and compared with control. The developed moringa chhana spread was investigated for its sensory characteristics, physico-chemical, antioxidant&nbsp;and phenolic properties. 
 
Result: The moringa leaves extraction with 6% incorporation level in chhana showed higher overall acceptability than others. Among the physico-chemical properties, there were no significant differences in moisture and lactose percentage between control and treated groups. As extraction levels in the chhana increased, protein, fat and ash percentages were significantly increased. Antioxidants and phenolic contents were found significantly higher in 8% of moringa leaves extraction group and lowest was found in control group. Consequently, moringa leaves extract could be used as a natural antioxidant and phenolic ingredient to develop a novel chhana spread.</div>

Development of Chhana Spread by Incorporating Moringa (Moringa oleifera L.) Leaves Extract as a Source of Antioxidants and Phenolics

<div>Background: Cucurbita maxima known as pumpkin belongs to the family Cucurbitaceae, widely used in traditional medicine. 
 
Methods: The present work evaluates the antioxidant activity of the different parts (leaves and fruit) of Cucurbita maxima. Antioxidant activity was assessed through the DPPH test and the &beta;-carotene bleaching test. 
 
Result: The results showed that the ethanolic extract of fruit and leaves are rich in polyphenols, flavonoids and tannin with values, respectively (50.13&plusmn;4.49 mg EAG/g dry extract), (0.75&plusmn;3.64 mg EQ/g dry extract) and (477.05&plusmn;6.67 mg EAT/g dry extract) for the fruit, (27.37&plusmn;0.95 mg EAG/g dry extract), (1.83&plusmn;0.28 mg EQ/g dry extract) and (481.69&plusmn;5.77 mg EAT/g dry extract) for leaves. The ethanolic extract showed scavenger activity IC50 is 0.41&plusmn;1.20 &mu;g/ml fruit and 0.18&plusmn;0.06 &mu;g/ml leaf compared with 0.01&plusmn;0.01 &mu;g/ml BHT (Butylated hydroxytoluene). The results obtained in the &beta;-carotene bleaching test of the ethanolic extracts of the leaves and fruit of Cucurbita maxima is of the order (70.13&plusmn;13.84%) and (67.69&plusmn;13.82%) respectively.</div>