<div>Drought stress reduces photosynthetic rate and leading to depletion of the energy source and lowers the yield. Under drought stress, reduced turgor pressure cause inhibition of cell elongation and impaired mitosis leads to reduction in growth rate. Role of sucrose metabolism under drought adaptation and response of plants to stress in different tissues and at different developmental stages. Cytoplasmic sucrose synthesis is more under drought condition and there is differential expression in tolerant and susceptible cultivars. Under drought condition, plant start consuming its own sink for its survival thus reducing sucrose concentration. But reduction in sucrose concentration is less in drought tolerant plants. Drought stress induced an increase of the root/shoot ratio, which was due to the increased inhibition of biomass accumulation of shoots compared to roots. Drought stress enhanced the activities of sucrose metabolic enzymes and up-regulated the expression of genes such as SPS, SuSy and INV. In addition, drought stress up-regulated the expression levels of SWEET and SUC and promoted the transport of sucrose from source to sink.&nbsp;</div>

Sucrose Metabolism in Plants under Drought Stress Condition: A Review

<div>Water deficit stress is one of the chief abiotic stresses adversely affecting plant endurance leading serious effects on plant metabolism. Depending upon strength and duration of water deficit conditions, plants adjust a series of physiological, cellular and molecular mechanisms aiming a correct stress response. Some of the responses of plants to water stress include decreased growth and development and hence decrease in fresh biomass, decreased content of chlorophyll and hence the decreased rate of photosynthesis, decrease in leaf relative water content (RWC) and increased accumulation of osmolytes like proline, sucrose, soluble carbohydrates, etc. Several enzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolism seem to play a role in the multi-layered response of plants to water deficiency. Glycolysis is a central metabolic pathway that provide elasticity when production of energy for existence is confronted and is modulated to establish a novel homeostasis under stress conditions in plants. Evidence for the participation of glycolytic genes, proteins and enzymes in response to stress is established by the fact that their expression is deeply affected by exposure of plant tissues to environmental stresses such as drought. Keeping in mind the importance of glycolytic pathway during stress conditions in plants, the impact of the drought stress on plant glycolysis is the subject of current review. In addition, plant physiology and carbohydrate metabolism under drought stress are also discussed.</div>

Plant Metabolism during Water Deficit Stress: A Review

Background: The synthesis and catalysis of enzymes are inherently linked to the presence of water and drought-induced water deficit in plants can adversely impact enzyme activity. Drought severely impairs the growth and development of crops, with the extent of its impact varying according to the severity of the water scarcity. Drought also regulates the activity of carbon and nitrogen metabolizing enzymes in plants. 
 
Methods: To investigate the effects of varying degrees of drought on soybeans, this study selected HN44 (drought-resistant variety) and HN65 (drought-sensitive variety) as subjects through sand culture and assessed the changes in key enzymes involved in carbon and nitrogen metabolism within the soybean leaves in 2022.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The results indicated that short-term drought stress increased the activities of sucrose synthase (SUS), Sucrose Phosphate Synthase (SPS) and Glutamine Synthetase (GS), while decreasing the activity of nitrate reductase (NR). In contrast, prolonged drought reduced the activities of SUS and GS. This study provides a theoretical foundation for enhancing the drought stress resistance of soybeans.

Effects of Drought Stress on Key Enzymes in Soybean Carbon and Nitrogen Metabolism

Background: The aim of this experiment was to investigate the differences in subcutaneous fat metabolism expression in yaks under natural grazing and housed feeding conditions in the cold season. Eighteen 18-month-old yaks with similar body weights and non-significant differences in dorsal subcutaneous fat were randomly divided into three groups.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: One group (G18_SF) of yaks was selected for slaughter at the beginning of the experiment (October), one group continued to graze for 6 months and then slaughtered (G24_SF) and one group was housed for 6 months and then slaughtered (F24_SF) and subcutaneous dorsal fat of the three groups was collected for metabolomic analysis, screening of differential metabolites and enrichment of KEGG pathway. 
 
Result: In this experiment, 110 differential metabolites were detected in G24_SF vs F24_SF and 83 metabolites were screened for down-regulation and 27 metabolites were up-regulated and the differential metabolites were mainly enriched in Alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism, Arachidonic acid metabolism and D-Glutamine and D-glutamate metabolism pathways. Ninety-seven differential metabolites were detected in G18_SF vs G24_SF and 41 metabolites were screened for down-regulation and 56 metabolites were screened for up-regulation, with the two groups of differential metabolites mainly enriched in Alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism, Caffeine metabolism and Starch and sucrose metabolism pathways. The results of this experiment revealed the information of differential metabolites and enrichment pathways of yak fat in different feeding methods and different months of age and laid the foundation for further in-depth study of subcutaneous fat deposition in yaks.

Lipid Metabolomics Reveals Metabolic Responses of Subcutaneous Fat in Yaks under Different Feeding Conditions during the Cold Season

<div>Background: Zobawng is a local non-descript cattle of Mizoram, a hilly state of North-east India.Current study was carried out to investigate the haemato-biochemical profile of Zobawng cattle with the purpose of analyzing the physiological variations under the influence of different lactation stages in terms of determining possible biomarkers to monitor the energy balance and the metabolic adequacy during lactation. 
 
Methods: Eighteen clinically healthy lactating Zobawng cattle were categorized into three groups based on the length of their lactation: group-I (early stage), group-II (mid stage) and group-III (late stage). Haematological analysis was carried by automated blood&nbsp; analyzer&nbsp; (Melet Schlosing4e, France); whereas, metabolic parameters were evaluated by using automated clinical chemistry analyzer (Fuji Dry Chem 4000i, Fujifilm, Tokyo, Japan). 
 
Result: Haematological parameters varied non-significantly amongst the three groups of animals. The value of packed cell volume (PCV), RBC count and haemoglobin (Hb) concentration were found to be lowest during early stage of lactation. Other&nbsp; parameters viz. total leucocyte count (TLC), differential leucocyte count (DLC), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) and platelet count were within the normal limits. Similarly, metabolic parameters also differed apparently, but the differences were statistically non significant amongst the groups. The glucose level was recorded to be the lowest in the early stage of lactation; whereas, protein and creatinine concentrations were slightly higher in this stage. No significant alteration in the concentration of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) was noticed amongst the three groups of cattle. Data generated during the study may be useful as reference values for the scientific community as this is the first study of its kind in Zobawng cattle.</div>

Effect of Lactation on Haematological and Metabolic Profile in Zobawng Cattle

<div>Background: The industrial hub of Punjab, Ludhiana is polluted with heavy metals. The dairy animals experience stress due to pollution of heavy metals as well as the hot summer season. The stressors lead to disturbance in metabolic profile and affect milk production. The present study aimed at evaluation of detrimental effect of environmental heavy metal pollution on the metabolic profile of buffaloes during summer and winter seasons in Ludhiana district of Punjab, India. A total of 100 buffaloes were randomly selected from heavy metal exposed (n=60) and control area (n=40) during summer and winter seasons.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: The location of the experimental area surveyed on the basis of levels of heavy metals. The dairy farms are located in and around Ludhiana, Punjab were identified with levels of heavy metal above the permissible limits (FSSAI, 2010) viz. Chromium-0.05 &micro;g /ml; Nickel-0.02 &micro;g /ml; Arsenic-0.05 &micro;g /ml and Lead -0.05&micro;g /ml. The plasma samples were analyzed for metabolic profile. The water levels of heavy metals were below the permissible limits; therefore, it was taken as uncontaminated or control area. 
 
Result: Buffaloes of heavy metal exposed areas exhibited significantly (P&lt;0.05) higher levels of glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, BUN, creatinine, AST, ALT, GGT, ALP and CK levels as compared to control area. A significant (P&lt;0.05) decrease was observed in plasma total protein, albumin, A:G ratio, BUN: creatinine ratio in the buffaloes of exposed area as compared to the control area. However, significantly (P&lt;0.05) higher levels of plasma glucose, BUN, creatinine, AST, ALT, GGT, ALP and CK levels were observed during summer as compared to winter season in both exposed and control areas. Significantly (P&lt;0.05) decreased levels of plasma total cholesterol, triglycerides, total protein, albumin and BUN: Creatinine ratio were observed in the buffaloes during summer as compared to winter in both exposed and control areas. The Cr, Ni, As and Pb levels showed highly significant (P&lt;0.01) positive correlation with plasma levels of glucose, total cholesterol, creatinine, ALT, AST, CK and GGT. Highly significant positive relationship (P&lt;0.01) was observed among plasma levels of glucose, total cholesterol, creatinine, BUN, ALT, AST, ALP, CK and GGT whereas, plasma BUN had highly significant (P&lt;0.01) negative correlation with plasma total protein and A:G ratio considering both the areas together. Plasma levels of total protein showed significant (P&lt;0.01) negative correlation with all other metabolic profile constituents of both control and heavy metal exposed areas. Thus it may be concluded that the metabolic disturbance in heavy metal exposed buffaloes may have been mediated by heavy metal pollution.&nbsp;</div>

​​Effect of Environmental Heavy Metal Pollution on Metabolic Profile of Buffaloes in Ludhiana

<div>The eukaryotic unicellular or multicellular hetero-specific organisms (Parasites) those are physiologically or metabolically dependent on the host for nutrition and shelter can cause diverse impact in the host patho-physiology by manipulating their immune system. The impact of parasitic infections on host metabolism can have far-reaching consequences depending on the type of parasite, the location of the infection and the duration of the infection which may include growth stunting, cognitive impairment and increased susceptibility to other diseases. Understanding these metabolic effects is crucial for developing effective strategies to prevent and treat parasitic infections, as well as mitigating their long-term consequences on host health and development. The parasites have deleterious morbid effect on the body of the host that leads to the secondary metabolic disorders like diabetes, hypertension and cardiovascular disorders. Beside these, parasites aids in the alteration of the cellular regulation of the affected host and microbiota of the gut cells. In this review the positive and negative feedback of the parasites on the host with exemplary illustrations has been discussed.</div>

Impact of Parasitic Infections on Host Metabolism: An Overview

<div style="text-align: justify;">Background: Lipid is considered as one of the essential nutrients for both humans and animals. Lipid accumulation within the body may induce several health disorders. Disease is are caused easily in aged laying hens. It is necessary to improve lipid metabolism and enhance immunity in laying hens. Traditional Chinese veterinary medicine (TCVM) with no toxicity and low drug residues is becoming more and more popular. The current study aimed to study the effect of Chinese herbal medicines on lipid metabolism and immunity function in chicken to provide basis for clinical reference.&nbsp; Methods: In this laboratory investigation during 2018-2019, a total of 400 60-week-old hens were randomized into 10 groups to measure lipid metabolism by colorimetry and immunoglobulin by double antibody sandwich ELISA method. A total of 500 28-day-age chickens were randomized into 10 groups to measure immune organ index. The experiment lasted for 42 days. Result: Our investigations have showed that Jujube (ZJM) has significant effects on the count of Serum total cholesterol (TC), Triglyceride (TG), Low-density lipoprotein-c (LDL-C) and High-density lipoprotein-c (HDL-C) (p&lt;0.01, p&lt;0.05),the count of Immunoglobulin-G (IgG) (p&lt;0.05) and the immune organ indexes (p&lt;0.05) in 30 mg/kg group than control group10.The present work will be a complementary contribution to the ability of ZJM on improving lipid metabolism and immunity function in chickens.</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Effects of Chinese Herbal Medicines on Lipid Metabolism and Immunity Function in Laying Hens</div>

<div>Background: Salinity is a major threat that impairs legume growth and development worldwide. Therefore, present study was aimed to determine the potential of seed halopriming in relieving NaCl-induced disturbances on nitrogen metabolism of seedlings of six legume crops viz., Lens culinaris, Cajanus cajan, Cicer arietinum, Lathyrus sativus, Vigna radiata and Vigna mungo that were detected to have differential sensitivity to NaCl.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Nonprimed and haloprimed seeds were grown hydroponically under varying NaCl doses for three weeks. Harvested samples were utilised to characterize the toxic effects of NaCl on nitrogen metabolism of nonprimed and haloprimed seedlings. &nbsp; &nbsp; 
 
Results: Nonprimed seedlings exhibited reduced nitrate uptake by virtue of which other assimilatory processes of nitrogen fixation were adversely affected. Haloprimed seedlings experienced lesser toxicity under NaCl stress due to elevated activities of nitrate assimilatory enzymes on account of improved nitrate uptake from solution. Lesser ammonium accumulation and lower glutamate dehydrogenase activity implied lesser cytotoxicity in primed seedlings. Based on the trends obtained from tested parameters, nitrogen metabolism was maximally affected in Lens and Cajanus followed by Cicer and Lathyrus. Vigna radiata and Vigna mungo were least affected and therefore may be suggested for cultivation in saline prone agricultural fields after seed halopriming.</div>

Potential of Seed Halopriming in Mitigating NaCl-induced Adversities on Nitrogen Metabolism in Legume Crops

<div>Background: Temperature is one of the most important environmental factors affecting the survival, growth and metabolism of fish. The current study was aimed to study the effects of water temperature on the metabolic enzyme activities of juvenile Siganus guttatus. 
 
Methods: The juveniles were domesticated at 28&plusmn;1&deg;C for two weeks and then the temperature was adjusted to the target temperature groups (31&deg;C, 27&deg;C, 23&deg;C and 19&deg;C) by the gradually increasing or decreasing temperature with the change rate of 2&deg;C per day. The experiment lasted for 70 d. At the end of the experiment, the fish were anesthetized and all the livers were dissected on ice plate and stored in the refrigerator at -80&deg;C for the determination of enzyme activity. 
 
Result:&nbsp;The activities of glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), hexokinase (HK) and pyruvate kinase (PK), lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and hepatic lipase (HL) tend to be increased with the reduction of temperature. The above enzymes activities in 19&deg;C group were highest. The activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and citrate synthase (CS) was lowest in 19&deg;C. These results suggests that 19&deg;C had exceeded the suitable temperature range for juvenile S. guttatus. At low temperature, S. guttatus mainly use fat for energy, but less anaerobic metabolism for energy.</div>