<div style="text-align: justify;">Nearly 90% of wheat threshers are spike tooth type and majority of them are operated by a prime mover of 3-4 kW. These threshers available in the market have cylinder and blower on the same shaft and hence are not suitable for threshing other crops. The machine factors which affect the quality and efficiency of threshing are feeding chute angle, spike shape, size and numbers, cylinder type, cylinder diameter, concave size, shape and clearance. In the threshing, standardization and improvement of critical component viz threshing cylinder configuration can bring down the total power consumption to 2/3. Therefore investigation was taken for manufacturing of threshing cylinders with different configuration and their testing for standardization. The threshing cylinder of rectangular spike of 6 mm thickness and 600 mm tip diameter yielded maximum output capacity (372 kg/h) with minimum specific power consumption (0.971 kWh/q) at maximum feed rate ((780 kg/h). The maximum threshing efficiency (99.91%) and minimum wheat straw length (21 mm) was obtained corresponding to the same configuration and feed rate. The minimum broken grain (0.20%) and total loss (0.43%) were at tip diameter of 500 mm and spike thickness of 6 mm corresponding to maximum feed rate (780 kg/h). The output capacity was above 300 kg/h at maximum feed rate (780 kg/h) for all the tip diameter and &nbsp; spike thickness. The maximum wheat straw split (88.60%) was at 780 kg/h feed rate corresponding to tip diameter of 550 mm and spike thickness of 6 mm. The maximum cleaning efficiency (99.52%) was at maximum feed rate (780 kg/h) corresponding to tip diameter of 550 mm and spike thickness of 6 mm. The wheat straw size for maximum output capacity and threshing efficiency were 22.43 mm at tip diameter of 600 mm and spike thickness of 6 mm corresponding to maximum feed rate (780 kg/h). For higher threshing efficiency, fine straw quality and minimum specific power consumption, rectangular spiked threshing cylinder of 600 mm tip diameter and spike thickness of 6 mm gave best performance results with total grain loss within permissible limit.&nbsp;</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Investigations on effect of cylinder configuration of rectangular spiked tooth thresher on threshing performance of wheat crop</div>

<div><strong>Background:</strong> Barley (<em>Hordeum vulgare</em> L.) is one of the more important cultivated crops in the Mediterranean region, where drought and high temperatures during the grain filling stage are the main abiotic stresses limiting its production. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of the spike type on the grain yield, thousand kernels weight and some grain filling parameters.<br />
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<strong>Methods:</strong> The present study was conducted on the experimental site of station ITGC in Setif, Algeria, eight Barley genotypes were tested during two cropping seasons (2017/2018 and 2018/2019) in a randomized block design with 3 replications.<br />
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<strong>Result: </strong>The results proved significant effect of genotypes and spike types on the grain filling parameters, but no significant effect of spike type on the thousand kernels weight during the both cropping seasons. In addition, the spike type registered significant effect just during the second cropping season. Among the genotypes with 6 rows spike type the local genotype Fouarra have high grain yield (97.79 Q/ha) with a deviation of 37.57% from the total mean of the genotypes with 6 row spike type. Many studies proved that in 6-row barleys, the magnitude of contribution of grain number in grain yield was higher than contribution of grain weight. The grain growth of genotypes studied follows a sigmoid curve, during the first season (2017-2018) the duration of grain filling ranged between 24 days for Saida 183 and 28 days for Rihane 03, for the group of genotypes with 6 rows. In addition, the duration of grain filling for the 2 row genotypes varied from 24 days for G4 to 28 days for genotype G2. During the second season (2018-2019) and for the genotypes with 6 rows, the duration of the grain filling varied from 21 days for the Saida 183 and 26 days for the genotype Fouarra, for the genotypes with 2 rows the duration of grain filling ranged from 21 days for the genotype G2 to 26 days for the genotype G3. The correlation analysis between the grain filling parameters, GY and TKW demonstrate a significant and positive correlation between TKW and MGW and GFR (r = 0.82* and r = 0.84*, respectively). Overall, the genotype variation in grain filling velocity and duration was responsible for the difference in grain yield and the improvement in grain yield was achieved by the increasing in velocity or duration of grain filling. &nbsp;</div>


<p>The Effect of Spike Row Type on the Grain Yield and Grain Filling Parameters in Barley (<em>Hordeum vulgare</em> L.) Genotypes under Semi-arid Conditions</p>


<div><strong>Background: </strong>The use of wrapping material during storage of cut flowers creates a modified atmosphere which reduces flower metabolism during storage, thereby slowing carbohydrate consumption as respiratory substrate. The main problem related to dry storage is moisture loss or desiccation. Keeping in view the above aspects, the present study was conducted to enhance the shelf life of tuberose.<br />
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<strong>Methods:</strong> The experiment was carried out at Post-Harvest Laboratory of Department of Horticulture, COA, CCS HAU, Hisar during the cropping season (March to September) of year 2019. It was laid out in CRD (factorial) with three replications and twenty-four treatment combinations, comprising of six wrapping materials (newspaper, butter paper, chart sheet, low density polyethylene of 100&micro;, high density polyethylene of 200&micro; and control as without wrapping) and four storage time (1, 4, 7 and 10 days), were tested. After harvesting, cut spikes were wrapped in wrapping materials and kept in cold-store at low temperature (less than 5&deg;C), thereafter cut spikes were placed in vase solution (4% sucrose plus 300 ppm 8-HQC) for recording observations on floral parameters.&nbsp;<br />
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<strong>Result:</strong> Among different wrapping materials, the butter paper wrapped cut spikes observed better in most of the parameters followed by LDPE (100&micro;) wrapped cut spikes. Among the storage time, storage of cut spikes for 1 day observed better in most of &nbsp;the parameters except time taken up to opening of first pair of florets and total post-harvest life. Overall, butter paper wrapped cut spikes stored for 1 day performed better in term of floret diameter (46.73 mm), floret length (56.10 mm), floret longevity (2.89 days), appearance (3.70/5.0 scale), florets opened at a time (32.30%), total opened florets (54.32%), marketable vase life (6.53 days), total vase life (11.17 days), weight loss (17.08%) and solution consumed (135.33 ml) by the spikes. However, the cut spikes wrapped in butter paper stored for 10 days were found better with early opening of first pair of florets (0.95 days) and maximum post-harvest life (20.10 days).</div>


<div>Effect of Wrapping Materials and Storage Time on Shelf Life of Tuberose (<em>Polianthes tuberosa</em> L.)</div>


<div>A study was carried out to determine the association between different quantitative characters of eighteen genotypes of tuberose cultivars single. The highest positive and significant association was recorded for spike yield with plant height (0.33), rachis length (0.30), number of florets per spike (0.34), weight of single floret (0.63), matured bud weight (0.66), duration of flowering (0.52). The results of path coefficient analysis indicated that the weight of the floret (1.48) had very high positive direct effect on spike yield per plant followed by length of the floret (0.84) number of florets per spike (0.45) and duration of flowering (0.41). Spike length (0.27) had moderate positive direct effect. Plant height (0.16) and number of leaves (0.17) showed low positive direct effect and rest of the characters had negligible positive direct effect on spike yield per plant. The results of the study indicates that the above mentioned characters can be used for the improvement of tuberose.</div>


<div>Correlation and Path Coefficient Analysis in Tuberose Cultivars Single</div>


<div style="text-align: justify;">Thirty wheat genotypes (Triticum aestivum L.) were evaluated for 11 morphological and yield trait for analysis of character association (phenotypic and genotypic correlation coefficient), path analysis and cluster analysis. The experiment was conducted during rabi seasons of 2014-2015 in a randomized block design with three replication. Days to 50% heading showed positive and significant correlation with &nbsp;flag leaf area and number of spiklet per ear; flag leaf area showed positive and significant correlation with 1000 grain weight; Plant height &nbsp;showed positive and significant correlation with &nbsp;spike length; spike length &nbsp;showed positive and significant correlation with &nbsp;1000 grain weight. Phenotypic path analysis showed &nbsp;biological yield and number of grain per spike had highly positive and direct effect on grain yield. Direct and highly positive effect on grain yield was shown by number of productive tillers, plant height, spike length, number of spikelet per spike genotypic path coefficient. Biological yield and grains yield per plant show highly positive and direct effect on yield with number of productive tillers, plant height, number of spikelet per spike and spike length. In &nbsp;cluster analysis the intra cluster distance ranged from 1.61 (cluster II) to 2.37 (cluster III and VI ). Thus the member of cluster II were &nbsp;least divergent and similarly the &nbsp;member of cluster III and IV were most divergent &nbsp;The maximum inter cluster distance was between cluster II and III followed by cluster IV &nbsp;and V , cluster VI and &nbsp;III and cluster VI and &nbsp;V that order therefore the accessions grouped in the five pair of cluster may be considered as most divergent.</div>

Evaluation of wheat genotypes (<em>Triticum aestivum</em> L.) for assessment of character association, path coefficient and cluster analysis

<div style="text-align: justify;">One ninety diverse wheat genotypes were evaluated for genetic varaibilty, heritability and genetic advance under norrmal and heat stress environment at the Research Farm of Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Chaudhary Charan Singh University, Meerut U. P. (India). The genotypes were grown in simple augmented block design and data were collected on fifteen morpho-agronomic characters. Analysis of observed data showed that the mean squares due to treatments for all the traits in both the environment were highly significant. GCV and PCV were highest for canopy temperature depression, grain weight/spike, biological yield/plant, grain yield/plant, tiller number./plant and lowest for days to anthesis. Heritability (bs) estimates were high for canopy temperature depression (CTD), followed by biological yield/plant, grain weight/ spike, grain number. /spike, 1000- grain weight, grain yield/plant, tiller number./plant and lowest for days to heading and &nbsp;days to anthesis in case of both environments. The estimates of genetic advance (GA) were highest for canopy temperature depression followed by grain weight/spike, biological yield/plant, grain yield/spike, tiller number./plant, grain number./spike and lowest for days to heading and days to anthesis under both ( numberrmal and heat stress) environment. This study suggests that the presence of adequate genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance for these traits under norrmal and heat stress environment is suitable for breeding programs and crop improvement.</div>

Assessment of genetic variability, heritability and genetics advance in wheat (<em>Triticum aestivum</em> L.) genotypes under normal and heat stress condition

<p><strong>Background: </strong>This study was conducted during the 2021/2022 and 2022/2023 wheat growing seasons in Ordu province to determine the adaptability of 99 bread wheat (<em>Triticum aestivum</em> L.) genotypes obtained from theinternational winter wheat improvement program (IWWIP) and the international maize and wheat improvement center under rainfed conditions.<br />
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<strong>Methods: </strong>In the first year, the experiment was conducted using the augmented experimental design, while in the second year, it was conducted using the randomized complete block design with three replications. The study examined various phenological, morphological, agronomic, quality and some biochemical grain content parameters in wheat genotypes.<br />
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<strong>Result:</strong> According to the biplot analysis, significant variations were determined among the genotypes in terms of different traits. Regarding morphological and agronomic characteristics, genotypes 5, 67, 33 and 36 stood out with superior performance in traits such as plant height (10.94-66.51 cm), flag leaf length (10.74-24.04 cm), flag leaf width (0.87-2.3 cm), flag leaf area (9.53-33.6 cm&sup2;), spike weight (0.82-2.54 g), spike length (4.79-9.66 cm), number of spikes per square meter (144.58-565.83 spikes/m&sup2;), grain yield per spike (0.67-1.63 g), number of grains per spike (14.69-40.45), thousand kernel weight (23.01-45.84 g), grain yield per decare (186.13-348.13 kg/da) and harvest index (24.13-60.38%). In terms of quality traits, genotypes 42, 14, 11, 5, 27, 65, 73 and 36 were found to be superior for Zeleny sedimentation value (24.07-62.07 ml), delayed sedimentation value (10-72.07 ml), grain protein content (10.01-16.71%), grain moisture content (11.73-14.63%), wet gluten content (17.67-40.07%) and gluten index (24.07-98.07%). Additionally, in terms of biochemical content, genotypes 33, 65, 93, 24 and 42 were notable.</p>


<p>Determination of Adaptability of Advanced Bread Wheat (<em>Triticum aestivum</em> L.) Lines under Rainfed Conditions</p>


<p style="text-align: justify;">Forty nine genotypes of wheat were evaluated for 12 quantitative and one quality traits during 2010-11. The experiment was conducted in randomized complete block design with three replications at Crop Research Centre, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology, Meerut. The mean, range, genotypic and phenotypic coefficient of variation, heritability in broad sense, genetic advance correlation and path analysis were analyzed. Plant height, number of productive tillers per plant, spike length, 1000-grain weight, biological yield per plant and harvest index were significant and positive correlated with grain yield per plant. The phenotypic and genotypic path coefficients exhibited high positive direct contribution of number of productive tillers per plant, plant height, harvest index and 1000-grain weight towards grain yield.The positive indirect effect of plant height on grain yield was registered via days to maturity, number of spikelets per spike, 1000-grain weight and biological yield per plant. Number of productive tillers per plant revealed contribution on grain yield via number of grains per spike, 1000 grain weight, biological yield per plant and harvest index revealing that indirect selection of these characters would be effective in improving grain yield per plant. Higher genotypic coefficient of variance along with high heritability and genetic advance for grain yield per plant, plant height, number of spikelets per spike, number of grains per spike and 1000-grain weight would also be of great use for indirect selection for improvement in yield per plant.&nbsp;</p>


<p>Character association and path coefficient analysis in wheat&nbsp;(<em>Triticum aestivum </em>L.)</p>


<div><strong>Background: </strong>Wheat (<em>Triticum aestivum</em> L.) is the most important cereal crop throughout India and other parts of the world. In late sowing conditions the variety selection, seed rate and row spacing is an important factor for a better crop yield. Higher seed rate and narrow row spacing are used in late sowing as compared to normal sowing conditions.<br />
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<strong>Methods:</strong> The present field experiment was conducted at the Students Research Farm, Khalsa College, Amritsar, Punjab, India during <em>rabi </em>season of 2020-21. A field experiment was laid out in split-plot design with replicated three times comprising four levels of seed rate <em>viz</em>. (100, 110, 120 and 130 kg/ha) and three-row spacing <em>viz.</em> (12, 15 and 18 cm) of wheat cultivar DBW 187 (Karan Vandana).<br />
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<strong>Result: </strong>The result showed that the number of tiller per meter, spike length, grains per spike, test weight, grain, straw and biological yield were significantly affected by different seed rates and row spacing. The seed rate 120 kg/ha recorded significantly higher grain yield (50.47 q/ha), effective tiller per meter row length (70) and the number of grain per spike (58), whereas 130 kg/ha gave significantly higher straw yield (73.40 q/ha). The crop sown with row spacing 18 cm showed significantly higher grain yield (49.13 q/ha), straw yield (72.70 q/ha), biological yield (121.83 q/ha), effective tiller per meter row length (68), spike length (12.10 cm) and number of grain per spike (56.16).</div>


<p>Effect of Different Seed Rates and Row Spacing on Yield Attributes and Yield of Late Sown Wheat (<em>Triticum aestivum</em> L.)</p>


<div><strong>Background:</strong> The current study was carried out to explore the effects of various biofertilizer applications on gladiolus growth, flower production and corms yield in Horticulture Research Farm of Lovely Professional University, Phagwara in winter season of 2022.<br />
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<strong>Methods:</strong> Ten distinct combinations of biofertilizers and their application techniques, together with control, were used in the experiment&rsquo;s Randomized Block Design, which was replicated three times. Corms were sown in the spacing 30&times;30 cm and treated as T<sub>1</sub>&nbsp; (Control), T<sub>2</sub> (RDF + Azotobacter (Corm dipping), T<sub>3</sub> (RDF + Azotobacter (Soil application), T<sub>4</sub>&nbsp; (RDF + Azotobacter (Foliar application), T<sub>5</sub> (RDF + PSB (Corm dipping), T<sub>6</sub> (RDF + PSB (Soil application), T<sub>7</sub> (RDF + PSB (Foliar application), T<sub>8</sub> (RDF + Azotobacter +PSB (Corm dipping), T<sub>9</sub> (RDF + Azotobacter + PSB (Soil application) and T<sub>10</sub>&nbsp; (RDF + Azotobacter +PSB (Foliar application) The following data were recorded at different stages i.e. days required for sprouting of corms, plant height (cm),&nbsp; number of leaves per plant, number of Shoots per mother corm, days required for spike emergence per plot, length of spike (cm), diameter of floret (cm), number of spikes per plant, number of florets per spike, number of Spikes per hectare, number of cormels per plant, number of corms per plant, diameter of corm (cm), Wt. of corms per plant (g), Wt. of cormels/plant (g) and yield of corms (q/ha).<br />
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<strong>Result:</strong> Among all the 10 treatments given Treatment T8, which consisted of RDF + Azotobacter + PSB and was used as a soil application, was found to be superior, implying that biofertilizers can improve nutrient availability and absorption, which resulted in improved gladiolus plant growth, blooming, yield, quality and yield.</div>


Investigations on effect of cylinder configuration of rectangular spiked tooth thresher on threshing performance of wheat crop

The Effect of Spike Row Type on the Grain Yield and Grain Filling Parameters in Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Genotypes under Semi-arid Conditions

Effect of Wrapping Materials and Storage Time on Shelf Life of Tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa L.)

Correlation and Path Coefficient Analysis in Tuberose Cultivars Single

Evaluation of wheat genotypes (Triticum aestivum L.) for assessment of character association, path coefficient and cluster analysis

Assessment of genetic variability, heritability and genetics advance in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes under normal and heat stress condition

Determination of Adaptability of Advanced Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Lines under Rainfed Conditions

Character association and path coefficient analysis in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Effect of Different Seed Rates and Row Spacing on Yield Attributes and Yield of Late Sown Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Effect in Growth, Flowering and Corm Yield of Gladiolus by Different Application Methods of Biofertilizers