Background: Dolichos bean [Dolichos lablab (Roxb.) (L) Var. typicus] is one of the most important leguminous vegetable crops cultivated in tropical plains of India. The mature and immature pods are rich in protein, minerals and vitamins. Most of the pole types of dolichos beans are photosensitive in nature, suited for growing in specific season like kharif and not productive when grown in summer season. Different cultivars of Dolichos bean require different seasons for getting maximum yield. With this background, studies on seasonal influence on growth and yield of dolichos bean genotypes were carried out.&nbsp;&nbsp; 
 
Methods: An experiment was conducted to assess the effect of season and genotypes in Dolichos bean. The experiment was laid out in factorial randomized block design with nine treatment combinations and four replications. In this study, three genotypes of dolichos bean viz., CO 1, Dbp-3 and Dbp-4 were sown during kharif, rabi and winter seasons.&nbsp;&nbsp; 
 
Result: The main and interaction effects on genotypes and season of sowing had a significant influence on green pod yield, crude fibre, crude protein and total dry matter production. The genotype Dbp-3 sown during kharif season recorded the highest values for green pod yield (23.43 t.ha-1), crude protein (5.99%), dry matter production at various stages of growth (65.9, 254.3, 305.8, 359.2, 389.8 and 418.0 g.plant-1 at 30, 60,90,120,150,180 days after sowing respectively) and it was significantly different from all other treatments. The same treatment i.e., genotype Dbp-3 sown during kharif season was recorded the lowest amount of crude fibre content (1.53%).

Studies on Seasonal Influence on Yield and Quality of Dolichos Bean Genotypes

<div>There are different agro climatic zones in the tropical countries hence seasonal change is most evident. Adverse climate might lead to environmental stress and changes of physiological and haemato-biochemical parameters in the body. Of the many types of stresses affecting rate and efficiency of animal productivity, most important are the thermal environment and associated factors of humidity, radiation and air movement than factors such as altitude, animal density, confinement etc.&nbsp;To reduce this condition, adequate nutrient requirement through diet should be fulfilled basically requirement for maintenance and production purpose. Nutrient requirements have been commonly esthablished in conditions presumed to be relatively free of environmental stress and animals are expected to perform near the genetic potential in the intensive production system. For that reason, such requirements are most relevent during optimum environmental conditions and are less appropriate when animals are exposed to stressful environments. Recently the feeding systems followed in tropical countries are ME and NE for energy feeding and for protein feeding CP along with MP system to meet the nutrient requirement. Here, an effort has been made to review the different modifications of feeding system over the earlier one along with influence of climate and related factors that affect nutrient requirement and utilization. The aim of the present manuscript is to modify the requirement with various climatic variables for augmenting production efficiency and cost effective farming.</div>

Seasonal Influence on Nutrient Requirements of Ruminants: A Review

<div style="text-align:justify">
<div style="text-align: left;">Background: Sheep are one of the important sources of agricultural production in the country and they are one of the pillars of agricultural income. Awassi sheep constitute the numerical majority of Iraqi sheep, as it represents 55-60%. A modern method must be used to in feed, management, improvement of environmental and genetic improvement to increase that productivity in a way that matches the importance of these animals in the livestock sector to achieve the desired target. The season of birth is one of the environmental factors affecting the weight and growth rate of the lambs.</div>

<div style="text-align: left;"> 
Methods: The study was conducted using forty Awassi ewes, 3-4 years old. lambed single male lambs distributed over the two birth seasons (20 ewes/season). The first season was at winter (October to December) and the second season was at spring (February to May). Milk samples were collected 50 ml/ewe for analysis of its components such as fat, protein and solids non-fat percentage, by the German Eco-Milk analyses device.</div>

<div style="text-align: left;"> 
Result: The results of the statistical analysis showed no significant effect for birth season on weight of lambs at birth and a months after birth for the two seasons, while the differences were significant (p&le;0.05) at the age of 2 and 3 months in favor of the winter birth. Milk production showed a significant increase (p&le;0.05) at the second and third months of ewes in spring season compared to winter. the results showed a significant (p&le;0.05) superiority for the percentage of fat, non-fat solids and protein for winter season ewes. A significant positive correlation (p&le;0.05) was observed for winter season ewes in body weight, milk fat and protein ratio, a significant positive correlation (p&le;0.05) for spring season ewes between body weight and milk production. While the results showed a significant negative correlation (p&le;0.05) between the percentage of milk fat for ewes between winter and spring seasons and a highly significant positive relationship (p&le;0.05) for milk protein, non-fat solids and weight of ewes for winter and spring seasons, respectively.</div>
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Seasonal Influence on Productive and Growth Performance in Awassi Sheep

Background: In the Cauvery Delta Zone farmers faced a lot of hurdles to get involved in the production of food grain crops. So far, the farmers in the Cauvery Delta Zone have moved away from paddy to other crops for at least one season. Farm diversification is the product of both internal and external factors. Since, Diversification is an inevitable phenomenon in the Cauvery Delta Zone due to situational, economic, technological, and administrative factors, but the influence of such variables on the decision-making of farmers is not yet known. 
&nbsp; 
Methods: This study analyses the weight coefficients of perceived factors influencing diversification towards seasonal commercial crops through the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). 
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Result: The result of the study shows that the economic dimension in seasonal commercial crops was the most important criterion which implies the highest weightage score of 0.328. 
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Measurement of Perceived Factors Influencing Diversification Towards Seasonal Commercial Crops Through Analytic Hierarchy Process

Background: Effective management strategies and feeding practices are essential for mitigating the challenges presented by the extreme temperatures of the summer season and the increased humidity and disease risk during the wet season. Adapting to these seasonal variations is crucial for maintaining a successful and profitable layer chicken farming. 
 
Methods: Influence of seasons (summer, rainy and winter) on production performance of layer chickens in different production cycles (Phase I, II, III and IV) was studied. The commercial layer chicken farms from southern Telangana region were selected with bird capacities ranging from 1.0 to 1.5 lakhs, rearing BV-300 breeds, aged 19-83 weeks, housed in elevated cage systems were randomly chosen. The data was collected from farm records, pre-structured questionnaires and personal interviews. 
 
Result: Summer (Phase I: 19-30 weeks) showed decreased egg production (70.57%), increased broken eggs (1.50%) and lower livability (99.95%). Egg production showed improved performance during the winter (90.22%) and rainy seasons (89.40%) in Phase II (31-50 weeks), highlighting the importance of seasonal adjustments for enhancing productivity. Phase III (51-72 weeks) also demonstrated rainy and winter seasons consistently yielding better results, with rainy season notably excelling in higher egg production (89.70%). Phase IV (72 weeks and above) highlighted winter&rsquo;s superiority in egg production (79.70%) and reduced broken eggs (0.57%), emphasizing the importance of adapting poultry farming practices to mitigate the climatic variability.

Influence of Seasons on Production Performance of Commercial Layer Chicken in Southern Region of Telangana

Background: Manila tamarind (Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.)&nbsp; Benth) belongs to the family Fabaceae and sub-family Mimosoideae. This tree have multiple uses; fruit, firewood, honey, fodder, soap oil, tannin, hedges and shade. Naturally this plant species can be multiplied by seeds. Apart from genetic variability, the seedling progenies may take long time to first bearing and sometimes irregular bearing also noticed due to its genetic makeup. In order to overcome these drawbacks, vegetative propagation is the only alternate way to get genetically uniform, early bearing and high yielding characters. The age of rootstocks and season of grafting influences the success of the grafts and performance of the grafted plants. With this background, studies on age of rootstocks and season on grafting success in Manila Tamarind was carried out.&nbsp;&nbsp; 
 
Methods: An experiment was conducted to assess the effect of season and age of the rootstocks in Manila Tamarind (Pithecellobium dulce). The experiment was laid out in factorial randomized block design with 15 treatment combinations and four replications. In this study, three rootstocks of different age viz., 6, 9 and 12 months old were grafted during June, July, August, September and October.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The main and interaction effects on age of rootstocks and season of grafting had a significant influence on survival percentage, number of days taken to first sprouting, number of leaves per plant and chlorophyll content of manila tamarind under controlled conditions. The softwood grafting performed on nine month old rootstocks during September recorded the highest survival percentage and it was significantly different from all other treatments. The same treatment i.e., nine months old rootstock grafted in September was also recorded the less number of days taken to first sprouting with highest number of leaves per plant and chlorophyll content.

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Studies on the Influence Age of Rootstocks and Season on Grafting Success in Manila Tamarind (Pithecellobium dulce Roxb.)

<div>Background: Legume pod borer, Maruca vitrata (Fabricius), infests the Dolichos bean throughout the cropping season. However, there is no information on the seasonal abundance of M. vitrata over different seasons on Dolichos bean, which is an essential tool for forecasting and developing integrated pest management strategies.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: The seasonal abundance of M. vitrata on Dolichos bean were studied during three consecutive cropping seasons of 2019 Summer, Kharif and Rabi. The larval population in flowers and pods and the number of larval webbings and weather parameters were recorded and subjected to correlation and multiple linear regression analysis. 
 
Result: The overall larval abundance was observed to be higher in flowers than in pods. The highest larval abundance in flowers and pods was 14.60 and 13.40 during the 48th and 50th standard meteorological week (SMW) of Rabi 2019 respectively, which corresponds to 8 to 10 weeks after sowing (WAS) in flowers and 10 to 12 WAS in the case of pods. The number of larval webbings was higher, with 18.76 during the 49th SMW of Rabi 2019. The maximum temperature had a significant negative correlation with the larval abundance in flowers (r= -0.570), pods (r= -0.523) and the number of active webbings (r= -0.477). At the same time, the regression coefficient shows that rainfall had a significant negative influence on the larval abundance in pods (B= -1.26).</div>

Influence of Weather Parameters on the Seasonal Abundance of Legume Pod Borer Maruca vitrata (Crambidae: Lepidoptera) on Dolichos Bean (Lablab purpureus var. typicus)

In the present investigation the sixteen years data (1995-2010) on daily peak milk yield of cows calved during cold, hot, south-west monsoon and post monsoon season each for twelve month in year and climatic attributes like temperature (maximum and minimum), humidity (maximum and minimum), sunshine hours and temperature humidity Index during corresponding period were collected. Daily peak milk yield data were analyzed statistically to see the effect of climatic attributes and to know their association with peak milk yield. Generally post monsoon climatic condition favours the milk production in animals due to pleasant climate and availability of quality fodder. The average daily peak milk yield of Deoni cows was 2.60 kg. It could be inferred that apart from availability of quality nutritious fodder during different seasons, maximum peak milk yield was recorded during post monsoon season followed by south-west monsoon season, cold season and hot season respectively.

Influence of season on peak milk yield in Deoni breed of cattle in marathwada region of Maharastra state, India

Background: Bucks raised for breeding purposes receive no special attention and are raised at random without following the correct selection process. Besides, the basic data on the fertility of the male Ganjam bucks is never addressed. Goat breeders have noted a sharp decline in the reproductive efficiency of Ganjam goats, associated with a lengthened kidding interval, fewer successful pregnancies and decreased twining frequency. The measurement of male fertility parameters is crucial for estimating the breeding performance of any species since males contribute 50% of the reproductive efficiency. 
 
Methods: A total of 120 Ganjam bucks of different age groups reared by the local farmers of Rambha, Khalikote and Chhatrapur areas of Ganjam district were used for the present study. A total of six healthier bucks of age 1.5(B1), 2(B2), 2.5(B3), 3.5(B4), 4(B5) and 4.5(B6) years were procured from the Farmers for the experimental purpose. For study on effect of season on the semen qualities, twelve ejaculates from each buck were collected, six ejaculates between the month of July to August (season 1) and six ejaculates during October to November (Season 2). 
 
Result: The mean value of reaction time, Frequency of Flehmen&rsquo;s Reaction, libido, volume of semen, concentration of sperm and value of MBRT of each of the six bucks were significantly higher (p&lt;0.01) in the season 2.The mean of each of the six bucks did not show any significant difference between two seasons with respect to pH and live % of sperm.Buck B6 recorded a significantly higher (p&lt;0.01) individual motility of sperm in season 2 than of season 1, whereas buck B1, B2, B3, B4 and B5 did not show any significant difference between two seasons with respect to individual motility of sperm. Buck B5 and B6 recorded a significantly higher (p&lt;0.01) mass activity of sperm in season 2 than of season 1,whereas buck B1, B2, B3 and B4 did not show any significant difference between two seasons with respect to mass activity of sperm. We are found to be have non-significant difference with that of season 1 with respect to sperm abnormalities of sperm.Buck B2 and B4 recorded a significantly higher (p&lt;0.05) acrosomal integrity in season 2 than season 1, whereas buck B1, B3, B5 and B6 did not show any significant difference between two seasons with respect to acrosomal integrity of sperm.Buck B5 evaluated a significantly higher (p&lt;0.05) HOST in season 2 than season 1,whereas buck B1, B2, B3, B4 and B6 did not show any significant difference between two seasons with respect to HOST.

Seasonal Influence on Seminal Characteristics and Sexual Behaviour: A Comparative Study in Ganjam Bucks

<div>Background: Recent breakthroughs in vitro maturation, fertilization and culture technology have allowed for an increase in the number of offspring generated from genetically better females, but this progress is still hampered by critical factors affecting oocyte yield and quality. This study aims to evaluate the effect of the seasons on the rate of maturation and recovery of oocytes. 
 
Methods: The ovaries were brought from the slaughterhouse in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, in a 0.9% NaCl saline solution and brought to the laboratory within 2-3 hours at a temperature of 25-35&deg;C. Only the collected oocytes with two layers or more of cumulus cells (CCs) and uniform ooplasm were used. Five repetitions were made in each season of the year, followed by their ripening in the laboratory and a follow-up ripening after 24 hours. Observe the maturity rate after the stain and the expansion of cumulus cells and compare them with other seasons. 
 
Result: The mean maturation rates of MII and MI oocytes were not significantly different between all seasons. Additionally, there were no significant changes in the cumulus-oocyte complex before maturation in all seasons. However, after maturation, a highly significant difference (P&lt;0.001) was found between the spring season before and after maturation (156.31&plusmn;17.68 mm) and the rest of the seasons (summer; 169.89&plusmn;19.96 mm; autumn; 176.66&plusmn;20.14 mm; and winter; 188.84&plusmn;24.50 mm). In order to improve in vitro maturation for following investigations, such as in vitro fertilization or cloning and in vitro embryo development, the ideal season should be chosen for collecting oocytes.</div>