Background: Bucks raised for breeding purposes receive no special attention and are raised at random without following the correct selection process. Besides, the fertility of the male bucks is never addressed. Goat breeders have noted a sharp decline in the reproductive efficiency of Ganjam goats, associated with a lengthened kidding interval, fewer successful pregnancies and decreased twining frequency. The measurement of male fertility parameters is crucial for estimating the breeding performance of any species since males contribute 50% of the reproductive efficiency. 
 
Methods: Six Ganjam bucks of age 1.5(B1), 2(B2), 2.5(B3), 3.5(B4), 4(B5) and 4.5(B6) years procured after selection on the basis of their body morphometry and sexual behaviour were maintained under optimum management practice. They were trained for semen collection. For study on effect age on the semen qualities, they were classified into two age groups and ejaculates were collected during two phases. Bucks of age below 3 were considered under Age group I and bucks older than 3 years were assigned Age group II. Twelve ejaculates from each buck were collected, six ejaculates between the month of July to August and six ejaculates during October to November. The total of 72 ejaculates was evaluated for the study of seminal characteristics. Besides, the external body parameters, scrotal parameters and sexual behaviour of the bucks were also recorded before each semen collection. 
 
Result: The bucks of age group II were found to be having significantly higher (p&lt;0.01) body weight, mean body length and average value of chest girth than age group I bucks in the present study. The mean value of scrotal width of the bucks of age group II was significantly higher (p&lt;0.01) as compared to that of age group I. The mean value of abnormalities of the bucks of age group II was significantly higher (p&lt;0.01) than that of age group I. The mean value of acrosome integrity and MBRT of the bucks of age group II was significantly higher (p&lt;0.05) to that of age group I.&nbsp; The present study will be helpful in the selection of Ganjam buck at appropriate age for breeding purpose basing on their body parameters, scrotum, seminal characteristics, spermatozoa integrity and sexual behavior.

Effect of Age on the Body Parameters, Scrotum, Seminal Characteristics, Spermatozoa Integrity and Sexual Behavior in Ganjam Buck

Background: Bucks raised for breeding purposes receive no special attention and are raised at random without following the correct selection process. Besides, the fertility of the male bucks is never addressed. Goat breeders have noted a sharp decline in the reproductive efficiency of Ganjam goats, associated with a lengthened kidding interval, fewer successful pregnancies and decreased twining frequency. The measurement of male fertility parameters is crucial for estimating the breeding performance of any species since males contribute 50% of the reproductive efficiency. 
 
Methods: A total of 120 Ganjam bucks of different age groups reared by the local farmers of Rambha, Khalikote and Chhatrapur areas of Ganjam district were used for the present study. A total of six healthier bucks of age 1.5(B1), 2(B2), 2.5(B3), 3.5(B4), 4(B5) and 4.5(B6) years were procured from the Farmers for the experimental purpose. For study on effect of season on the semen qualities, twelve ejaculates from each buck were collected, six ejaculates between the month of July to August (season 1) and six ejaculates during October to November (Season 2). 
 
Result: The scrotal length, scrotal width, scrotal circumference have highly significant positive degree of association with Flehmen&rsquo;s reaction and Libido score and all the parameters exhibited highly significant negative degree of association with reaction time. Moreover, the scrotal length, scrotal width and scrotal circumference had significantly higher positive degree of association with colour, volume of the semen and negative degree of association with MBRT. Further, the sperm concentration revealed a highly significant degree of association with scrotal length, scrotal width, scrotal circumference, livability % and acrosome integrity and a significant degree of association with mass activity. Livability % of the semen samples of the six bucks revealed a highly significant degree of association with scrotal length, scrotal width, scrotal circumference, sperm concentration and acrosome integrity.

Effect of Season on the Scrotum, Seminal Characteristics, Spermatozoa Integrity and Sexual Behavior in Ganjam Buck

Four piglets of non-descript breed, weighing 7.2 kg (P1), 7.7 kg (P2), 9.6 kg (P3) and 10.1 kg (P4) were presented with a missing testis. On general examination, only the left testes were found in the scrotum of P1, P2 and P3 while right testis was found in P4. The temperature, pulse and respiration were recorded normal during clinical examination. On manual palpation, the undescended testes could be palpated in inguinal region in P3 and P4 only. However, ultrasonography scanning revealed presence of semi echogenic oval shape image indicative of undescended testis in P1, P3 and P4. Similar structure could not be observed in P2. All the piglets were prepared for castration and cryptorchidectomy operation and both the scrotal and abdominal testis were removed with routine surgical procedure. The abdominal testis in P2 was found absent even after laperotomy operation. It may be a case of congenital anomaly, bearing single testicle which is also known as monorchidism. From the present study, it can be concluded that ultrasonography is the best tool to confirm presence or absence of undescended testis in piglets. Post surgically, the piglets were treated with antibiotics and analgesics parenterally and broad spectrum ointments topically. All the piglet recovered without post-operative complications. 
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Effect of Age on the Body Parameters, Scrotum, Seminal Characteristics, Spermatozoa Integrity and Sexual Behavior in Ganjam Buck

Effect of Season on the Scrotum, Seminal Characteristics, Spermatozoa Integrity and Sexual Behavior in Ganjam Buck

Diagnosis and Surgical Management of Cryptorchidism in Piglets