Background: Affections of eye are commonly encountered in all the species of animals. The age-related changes of the retina primarily cause loss of visual acuity as well as reduction of the visual field. Hence, the current study was carried out to establish basic data related to ageing changes in the retina of buffaloes. 
 
Methods: The study was conducted on 63 eye balls of locally available buffaloes of different breeds. These buffaloes were categorized into 3 groups i.e., group I (1-5 yrs), group II (6-10 yrs) and group III (11 yrs and above). The eyeballs were isolated and fixed with Davidson&rsquo;s fluid. The paraffin sections were subjected for routine histological study. 
 
Result: The thickness of retinal pigment epithelium was increased from group I to III buffaloes from 6.06&plusmn;0.18 to 8.44&plusmn;0.32 and the quantity of melanin pigment was decreased with advancement of age. Rod and cone cells of the photoreceptor layer were tightly packed in young age, loosely arranged in old animals. The mean thickness (&micro;m) of photoreceptors and outer nuclear layers together was decreased from 64.22&plusmn;1.84 to 58.72&plusmn;2.1 with age advancement. The displacement of nuclei from outer nuclear layer into outer plexiform layer was significantly decreased in old animals. The outer limiting membrane was continuous and uninterrupted throughout the life. The thickness of outer plexiform layer was increased with advancement of age from 8.78&plusmn;0.58 to 10&plusmn;0.51 due to enhancement of synaptic fibers density. As age advances the number and density of horizontal, bipolar and amacrine cells were decreased and also the mean thickness (&micro;m) of this layer was decreased from 30.83&plusmn;1.48 to 22.56&plusmn;0.62 in the inner nuclear layer. The thickness of inner plexiform layer was increased from 42.44&plusmn;2.23 to 45.39&plusmn;0.81 with advancement of age due to increased cystoids spaces and thickening of retinal blood vessels. In ganglionic cell layer, the number of &alpha;-ganglion cells were more than the &beta;-ganglion cells, their common number were decreased approximately from 16-20 cells/sq.mm to 7-10 cells/sq.mm, whereas the average size was increased from 4.72&plusmn;0.49 to 15.83&plusmn;0.83 with advancement of age. In aged buffaloes nerve fiber layer showed corpora amylacea and thickened blood vessels. The inner limiting membrane became thick and uninterrupted in old buffaloes. The total thickness (&micro;m) of retina in group I, II and III buffaloes were 235.5&plusmn;7.25, 184.33&plusmn;3.64 and 201.05&plusmn;5.15 respectively.

Histological Studies on Ageing Changes in the Retina of Buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis)

<div>Background: This study investigated immunoreactive changes in Slit2 and Robo receptors in the retinal ganglion cell layer of a rodent model of acute glaucoma. 
 
Methods: Glaucoma model using Sprague-Dawley rats was made via weekly intracameral injections of hyaluronic acid. Intraocular pressure (IOP) was measured twice weekly for 4 weeks using a rebound tonometer in an experimental group of 10 rats and a control group of five rats for 4 weeks. The trimmed retinas were processed for anti-glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), anti-Slit2 and anti-Robo1, anti-Robo2, anti-Robo3 and anti-Robo4 immunochemical analysis.&nbsp;&nbsp; 
 
Result:&nbsp;The IOPs in the experimental group were approximately four times higher than IOPs in the control group. The GFAP, Slit2 and Robo4 immunoreactivity in the experimental group was higher than the corresponding values in the control group. Our results indicate that Slit2 and Robo4 potentially contribute to the progression of high tension glaucoma, especially in inducing ischemic injury.</div>

Histological Studies on Ageing Changes in the Retina of Buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis)

Expression of Slit2 and Robo Receptors in a Sprague-Dawley Rat Glaucoma Model