Background: Raillietina spp. is one of the cestodes class worms that attacks poultry. The Raillietina species that commonly attack poultry are Raillietina echinobothrida and R. tetragona. In general, R. echinobothrida and R. tetragona are usually identified using a light microscope, but in reality these two species are still difficult to differentiate using a light microscope because the size difference is too small and they have many differences. This study compared the ultrastructural morphology of R. echinobothrida and R. tetragona, which caused minor intestinal infections in native Gallus domesticus chickens that were purchased from different traditional markets in Sidoarjo Regency. 
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Methods: A total 57 small intestines from native chickens (Gallus domesticus) that were sold at Tulangan, Larangan, Wonoayu, Krian and Suko Markets served as the samples for this study. Using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), the samples were inspected both macroscopic and microscopically. 
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Result: With a prevalence of 57.89%, the results indicated that R. echinobothrida has a yellowish string-like body that is 16-23 cm long. It also has a round sucker and scolex that are both 0.07 x 0.08-0.08 x 0.09 mm in size, a rostellum that is armed with hooks that is 0.06 x 0.07-0.08 x 0.1 mm in size and an unsegmented, thick and short neck. The yellowish string-like body of R. tetragona, on the other hand, measures 20-28 cm in length. It has an oval scolex (0.16-0.2 mm in diameter), an oval sucker (0.04 x 0.09-0.05 x 0.01 mm in size), a rostellum armed with hooks that measures 0.03 x 0.05-0.04 x 0.06 mm and an unsegmented, thin, and long neck. Both R. echinobothrida and R. tetragona have a velvety, silky texture on their surface bodies. 
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Comparing the Ultrastructural Morphology of Raillietina tetragona and Raillietina echinobothrida in Local Hens at Sidoarjo Regency with a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)

<div>Background: Infections with gastrointestinal parasites are widespread and a major health issue for captive birds. Despite the significance being well known, not much studies have been conducted on its prevalence especially in captive avians in a zoo setup. The present study aims at determining the prevalence of parasites in captive birds of different orders maintained at Bannerghatta Biological Park, Bengaluru, Karnataka. 
 
Methods: In this investigation, a survey through fecal sample examination was conducted to assess the parasitic infection in captive birds belonging to 6 different biological orders e.g. Casuariiformes, Anseriformes, Galliformes, Pelecaniformes, Psittaciformes {Emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae), Duck (Anas platyrhynchos), Peafowl (Pavo cristatus), red jungle fowl (Gallus gallus), grey pelican, (Pelecanus philippensis), purple heron (Ardea purpurea), silver pheasant (Lophura nycthemera), macaw (Ara ararauna), parakeet (Psittacula eupatsia)} and Ciconiiformes maintained at Bannerghatta Biological Park, Bengaluru, Karnataka. A total of 106 fecal samples from apparently healthy birds including 7 samples from emu, 3 ducks, 12 peafowls, 8 red jungle fowls, 24 grey pelicans, 1 purple heron, 13 silver pheasants, 8 macaws, 26 parakeets and 4 Indian open-billed storks were collected during 2015-2016 and were screened for parasitic eggs/oocysts.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The screening result could detect ova of 2 (28.57%) Eimeria oocyst in emu, 3 (100%) Eimeria oocyst in duck, 7 (58.33%) Capillaria sp., 3 (25%) Eimeria oocyst, 2 (16.66%) Ascardia galli, 2 (16.66%) Raillietina echinobothrida, 1 (8.33%) Tetrameres sp. in peafowls, 3 (37.5%) Ascardia galli, 1 (12.5%) Eimeria oocyst in red jungle fowls, 5 (20.83%) Ascardia galli in grey pelican, 1 (100%) trematode ova in purple heron, 3 (23.07%) Raillietina sp., 2 (15.38%) Eimeria ocyst in silver pheasant, 2 (25%) Ascaris sp. in macaw, 12 (46.15%) Ascaris sp., 3 (11.53%) Eimeria oocyst in parakeet and 4 (100%) Tetrameres sp. in Indian open-billed storks.</div>

Comparing the Ultrastructural Morphology of Raillietina tetragona and Raillietina echinobothrida in Local Hens at Sidoarjo Regency with a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)

​A Copro-parasitological Surveillance on Diverse Captive Wild Avian Species

A Copro-parasitological Surveillance on Diverse Captive Wild Avian Species