<div>Rose is the dominant flower in the ornamental industry because of its multiple aesthetic values. &nbsp;Optimization of plant growth regulators in media was achieved for one of the important species of rose. The nodal explants were tested on a full strength MS media with different hormone concentrations of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and Kinetin (Kn). Maximum response was obtained for a combined hormone concentration of 6-benzylaminopurine (3.5mg/L) and kinetin (1.5mg/L) with shoot regeneration from nodes, internodes and apical meristematic tissue. 6-benzylaminopurine alone showed shoot regeneration only from internodes and nodes, while kinetin alone showed shoot regeneration only from apical meristematic tissue. Protoplast of Rosa sp. and Rosa sinensis were isolated enzymatically and fused using polyethylene. The protoplasts were observed to fuse on different planes in an irregular pattern.&nbsp;</div>

<div>Optimization of Protoplast Isolation and Micropropagation Techniques in Rose</div>

Background: Procedures to regenerate protoplast into plants of citrus relatives is important to establish the genetic improvement for sweet oranges by using somatic hybridization and transgenic. Protoplasts are a good material to genetically manipulate and to become gene transfer. This study aims to characterize the regeneration sequence of Fortunella hindsii and Murraya paniculata protoplasts via somatic embryogenesis into flowering plants in vitro. This study also describes the sequence of flowering in vitro originated from hypocotyl segments of plantlets of two species. 
 
Methods: Protoplast sources that were isolated from callus of Fortunella hindsii and Murraya paniculata. Embryogenic callus was put in Erlenmeyer and mixed together with 0.4% macerozyme, 0.2% cellulose and 0.1% driselase and pH was adjusted to 6.0.&nbsp;Two drops of purified protoplasts were cultured with media supplemented with 2.0% glucose and 0.0, 0.001, 0.01, 0.1 or 1.0. 10.0 mg/l thidiazuron (TDZ) and thicken with 0.9% gelrite.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The media supplemented with 0.001 mg/l TDZ yielded the maximum plating efficiency, while 0.001 mg/l TDZ produced the highest percentage of shoot formation, approximately 80%. After being cultured on the same TDZ concentration for 14 days, the protoplasts that survived developed cell walls. Fortunella hindsii and Murraya paniculata underwent somatic embryogenesis to grow into plantlets. Thidiazuron has demonstrated efficacy in forming flower buds that grow normally. Murraya paniculata and Fortunella hindsii shoots that emerged from hypocotyl segmments flowered in vitro on half-strength MT media containing 0.001 to 0.01 mg/l TDZ and 2-3% sucrose after two months of culture and they eventually went on to flower.

Thidiazuron Role in In vitro Flowering of Murraya paniculata and Fortunella hindsii via Embryogenic Protoplast and Hypocotyl Segments Cultures

<div>In vitro culture of plant cells/tissues is now routine using a range of explant types from many of the important vegetable and fruit crops. Successful technologies include isolation, culture of tissues, cells, protoplasts, organs, embryos, ovules, anthers and microspores and regeneration from them of complete plantlets. The development of plant tissue culture technology represents one of the most exciting advances in plant sciences. For example, the prospect of being able to introduce, develop, produce, transfer and conserve the existing gene pool of plant sciences by using tissue culture methods opens up new opportunities for researches and entrepreneurs. The term plant tissue culture should denote in vitro cultivation of plant cells or tissues in an unorganized mass, i.e., callus culture. Plant tissue culture techniques, in combination with recombinant DNA technology, are the essential requirements for the development of transgenic plants. However, culture techniques like anther/pollen/ovule culture, meristem culture can themselves be utilized for crop improvement or may serve as an aid to conventional breeding. In recent, isolated microspore culture has developed as a breeding tool and an experimental system for various genetic manipulations. The inherent potentiality of a plant cell to give rise to a whole plant, a capacity which is often retained even after a cell has undergone final differentiation in the plant body, is described as &lsquo;cellular totipotency&rsquo;. On the other hand, production of virus-free plants via meristem culture can reduce losses caused by phyto-pathogens. Embryo culture has many potential uses ranging from overcoming seed dormancy to facilitation of inter-specific hybridization. Protoplast fusion technique can be used for the transfer of cytoplasmic male sterility from one species to another in a short period of time. In cabbage, male sterile cybrids are being utilized by seed companies to produce hybrid seeds on commercial scale and at competitive rates. Plant tissue culture and cell culture are providing useful methods for germplasm storage either by low temperature storage of organized tissue, or cryopreservation of cell or embryo culture.</div>

Optimization of Protoplast Isolation and Micropropagation Techniques in Rose

Thidiazuron Role in In vitro Flowering of Murraya paniculata and Fortunella hindsii via Embryogenic Protoplast and Hypocotyl Segments Cultures

Plant Tissue Culture- A New Tool for Vegetable Improvement (Indian scenario): A Review