<div>Background: Canine pyometra is a common reproductive disorder of sexually intact bitches characterized by accumulation of pus in the uterine lumen and it is always associated with vagaries of clinical and pathological manifestations of multisystemic origin. 
 
Methods: The present study involved twenty three bitches of 8- 13 years of age with pyometra. Diagnosis of pyometra was performed based on the anamnesis, ultrasound examination, hematoglocial and biochemical changes. As an alternate to conventional prostaglandin protocol, Tab. Methylergometrine 0.125 mg/dog (Methergine, Novartis) BID and Tab. Cabergoline @ 10 &micro;g/kg body weight (Cabgolin, Sun Pharma) SID and Tab. Amoxicillin- Clavulinic acid @ 10 mg/kg body weight (Augmentin, Glaxo Smithkline) BID was advised for two weeks. In addition to that supportive fluid therapy and Inj. Pantoprazole @ 1 mg/kg body weight was also administered prior to initiation of treatment protocol. There was a significant clinical recovery in terms of physiological, hematological and biochemical parameters. Ultrasound examination on Day 0, 7, 9 and Day 14 of treatment revealed reduction in the diameter of uterine sacculations. All the bitches recovered after 10 to 15 days with complete evacuation of pus, with no recurrence. 
 
Result: Our investigation revealed that this alternative protocol along with antibiotics and supportive fluid therapy can be a better alternative to young dogs to preserve the reproductive capability and also in geriatric dogs which are unfit for traditional ovariohysterectomy.</div>

Therapeutic Management of Pyometra with Methylergometrine and Cabergoline in Bitches - An Alternative Approach

Background: The porcine sapelovirus (PSV) is a small, non-enveloped, single-stranded, positive-sense, RNA virus of the family Picornaviridae. The PSV infections in pigs have been found associated with diarrhoea, polioencephalomyelitis, pneumonia and reproductive disorders with a high morbidity rate. Despite of its economical importance very few studies are available on the pathology of PSV. The present study was conducted with the aim to investigate the PSV infection and associated pathology in Indian pigs.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Tissue samples along with intestinal content were collected from a total of 78 necropsied cases for histopathological examination and molecular investigation during April 2019 to August 2020. The amplification of 5&#39; UTR region of PSV was carried out via RT-PCR and confirmed by sequencing. The Genetic characterization of Indian isolate of the PSV was done on the basis of viral 5&#39; UTR gene.&nbsp; 
 
Result: A total of eight out of 78 cases were found positive for the PSV. Catarrhal and haemorrhagic enteritis, thickening and clouding of brain meninges along with congestion of brain and pneumonia was observed as common gross lesions. Microscopic lesions included perivascular cuffing, focal gliosis, neuronophagia, congestion of meningeal and cerebral vessels, interstitial pneumonia, inflammatory changes in the intestinal mucosa and sloughing of villi. The genetic characterization revealed maximum identity of 96.89% with PSV-1 strain PSV-46-V (LC508233) and PSV-1 strain PSV-26-B (LC508232) of Zambia. This study reported the pathological and molecular investigation of PSV from Indian pigs. Further explorative surveillance along with experimental studies in suitable animal model and cell lines are highly warranted for better understanding of PSV pathology in Indian pigs.

Pathology and Molecular Characterization of Porcine Sapelovirus in Indian Pigs

<div>Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is on important cereal food for more than half of the global population. Rice is a major user of fresh water accounting for approximately 50 percent of the total diverted fresh water in Asia. Due to water scarcity and huge hike in labour wage rates, direct seeded rice offers an attractive alternative for future rice production. Thus there is a need to explore alternate techniques that can sustain rice production and are resource conservative. Direct sowing of rice refers to the process of establishing a rice crop from seeds sown in the field rather than transplanting seedlings from the nursery. Direct seeded rice provides an opportunity for earlier crop establishment to make better use of early season rainfall and to increase cropping area. Effect of AWD on direct seeded rice is presented in this review paper. Direct seeded rice is a resource conservation technology as it uses less water with high efficiency, incurs low labour expenses and is conducive to mechanization. Alternate wetting and drying irrigation increased water use efficiency and water productivity of rice.</div>

<div>Alternate Wetting and Drying Irrigation in Direct Seeded Rice: A Review</div>

Background: Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.), is a leguminous crop which is widely cultivated in the tropics and subtropics between 40&deg;N and 40&deg;S latitudes. It is valued for its high-oil edible seeds and as such it is the fourth most important source of edible oil and third most important source of vegetable protein in the world. Groundnut is not only an important oilseed crop of India but also an important agricultural export commodity. Cultivation of groundnut is an alternate occupation to fishing by the fisherman in the coastal sands. Farmers are cultivating groundnut after groundnut for the past two decades resulting in low income from the crop. Based on their demand a field experiment is planned to identify alternate crops which are remunerative to this tract 
 
Methods: Field experiment entitled &ldquo;Identification of suitable alternate Rabi crops for coastal sands of Nellore district&rdquo; was carried out for two consecutive years during rabi, 2017-18 and 2018-19 on farmer&rsquo;s field at Srigowripuram, Vidavalur Mandal, SPSR Nellore district. 
 
Result: The mean performance revealed that all the crops produced less groundnut equivalent yields than groundnut crop. Groundnut pod equivalent yield was reduced by 4.60%, 71.25%, 90.14% and 55.78% in water melon, musk melon, onion and potato crops respectively. In terms of groundnut pod equivalent yield no crop is found superior to existing groundnut crop. With regard to alternate crops, the maximum groundnut pod equivalent yield (4941.50 kg ha-1) was noticed in water melon crop followed by muskmelon (1489.50 kg ha-1). Though higher gross and net returns were realized for groundnut (284955, 200695 Rs ha-1) B:C ratio was found to be maximum for water melon (3.48) due to low cost of cultivation Hence, water melon crop can be promoted as a remunerative crop alternate groundnut in coastal sands of Nellore district. Whereas, onion crop was found to be least in monitory returns crop with lower productivity in costal sands of Nellore district.

Identification of Suitable Alternate Rabi Crops for Coastal Sands of Nellore District

Four batches of fresh sugarcane press mud (SPM), an agricultural waste were collected from the sugar mill near Bareilly city to analyse the chemical composition for exploring this unconventional feed as a suitable alternative feed in the livestock ration. A representative sample from each batch was taken and run in triplicate for the chemical composition study. It was found that the SPM on DM basis contained relatively more crude protein (18.01&plusmn;0.57%) and low crude fibre (12.38&plusmn;0.33%) and ash content (17.73&plusmn;0.36%) than the earlier reports. Besides, it was proved as a good mineral source as it contained high level of calcium (5.90&plusmn;0.27%) with excellent micro minerals status. Linoleic acid, one of the important essential fatty acid was found in the maximum percentage (34.85%) of the ether extract fraction of the SPM with others, proved its ether extract composition as equivalent to the oil of plant and marine origin. Further, mean gross energy (GE) of SPM was 4294.51&plusmn;79.64 kcal/kg DM which was very close to the GE value of corn. The detailed chemical analysis of SPM revealed that it was a valuable source of both organic and inorganic nutrients and comparable to the nutrient composition of some cereal grains and by-products and appeared to be a potential alternate feed ingredient for the livestock.

Screening of sugarcane press mud as a potential alternative feed for livestock

Background: A total of 20 tissue samples from horn, eye, skin and vulva in bovines suspected of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) on the basis of gross pathology were collected from Durg, Dhamtari and Rajnandgaon districts of Chhattisgarh and processed in the Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Science and A.H., DSVCKV, Anjora, Durg (C.G.). 
&nbsp; 
Methods: Investigation was conducted during January to June 2022, we explicate the pathological and immunohistochemical examination including scoring and grading of squamous cell carcinoma in bovines. Histopathological examination as per standard HandE method of staining and immunohistochemistry was performed through Benchmark automated staining system. 
&nbsp; 
Result: Twelve cases were diagnosed as SCC on the basis of histopathological and eleven on the basis of immunohistochemical analysis. Grossly neoplasms of horn revealed large, cauliflower like unilateral irregular masses at the base of horn and they were friable and soft in consistency. Small, unilateral growths observed in eye varied from soft to hard in consistency. Histopathological findings in SCC of horn revealed keratinization of horn epithelium forming concentric keratin pearls. Distinctive keratin pearls with more keratin deposition towards the center, numerous mitotic figures with anaplasia and neovascularization were evident in OSCC. Immunohistochemistry revealed strong immunohistochemical expression of Pan-Cytokeratin (Pan-CK), p53 and EGFR and negative&nbsp; to p16. Immunohistochemical scoring (IHS) was done in Pan-CK, EGFR and p53, ranged from 1-4. Well differentiated SCC of horn revealed strong immunoexpression against EGFR, varied from mild to intense. SCC of horn exhibited strong immunoexpression for Pan-CK, p53 and EGFR whereas, immunoexpression in OSCC specifically p53 was less as compared to SCC of horn. Grading and differentiation of SCC (horn and eye) was also done on basis of histopathological and immunohistochemical scoring.

Pathology and Diagnosis of Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Bovines

<div>Background: Trichomonas gallinae is a flagellated protozoa, infects the upper digestive system of pigeon and causing a condition called canker, characterized by development of granulomatous lesions in the buccal cavity, crop, proventriculus, gizzard and liver of affected birds causing mortality upto 90% in squabs. Systemic research on prevalence and pathology of T. gallinae in pigeons are scant in India. The present work was carried out to document the prevalence and pathology of T. gallinae in pigeons of Assam. 
 
Methods: During the one- year study period, throat swab samples were collected from households, market places and temple premises in 4 districts of Assam. A total of 324 birds were examined by wet mount and Giemsa staining methods for detection of T. &nbsp;gallinae. Naturally died carcasses were studied for gross and histopathological alteration in different organs. 
 
Result:&nbsp;In the present study prevalence of T. gallinae was found 26.85% and squabs were highly susceptible with 56.25 percent. &nbsp;Sex wise, comparatively higher prevalence was observed in females (33.54%) than in the males (20.48%). Seasonality study revealed highest prevalence during winter. Gross pathological alteration characterized by yellowish white caseo-necrotic haemorrhagic lesion in the upper digestive tract beginning with the oral cavity and lesions also found in liver and lungs. Histopathological alteration also recorded in different organs. In the liver sinusoidal congestion and kupffer cell hyperplasia were observed. Infiltration of polymorphonuclear cells in the thickened inter alveolar space of lungs also recorded. Further study is required to identify the prevalent strains of T. gallinae on the basis of pathogenicity in this geographic region and immunology of T. gallinae in pigeons and other hosts remain to be explored.</div>

<div>Prevalence and Pathology of Trichomonas gallinae in Domestic Pigeon (Columba livia domestica) of Assam, India</div>

Background: The porcine teschovirus (PTV) is common swine pathogen which causes a wide range of illnesses ranging from asymptomatic infection to acute fatal encephalomyelitis, diarrhoea and pneumonia. Despite of its economical importance very limited studies are available on the pathology of PTV. The present study was conducted with the objective to investigate the PTV infection and associated pathology in piglets. 
 
Methods: A total of 78 piglets below 3 months of age were necropsied and representative tissue samples along with intestinal content were collected for histopathological examination and molecular investigation during April 2019 to November 2020. The 5&#39;&nbsp; UTR region of PTV was amplified via RT-PCR and further confirmed by sequencing. Thereafter, genetic characterization of the Indian PTV isolate was done on the basis of 5&#39; UTR gene.&nbsp; 
 
Result: A total of seven out of 78 cases were found positive for the PTV. On necropsy the intestinal wall was thinned and distended with yellowish coloured diarrhoeic content. Congestion of serosal and mucosal vessels along with severe meningeal congestion was observed. Microscopic lesions included congestion of mucosal vessels and destruction of villous structure of jejunum along with perivascular cuffing, focal gliosis, neuronophagia, congestion of meningeal and cerebral vessels and interstitial pneumonia. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that the isolate PTV/India/IVRI-381/2020 (MW022462) and PTV/India/IVRI-1093/2020 (MW022463) were clustered with PTV-13 strain wild boar/WB2C-TV/2011/HUN (JQ429405) and PTV-2 strain Vir 6711-12/83 (AF296107) of Hungary and Germany respectively. This study reported the genotypic and pathological investigation of PTV from Indian piglets. Further explorative surveillance along with studies in suitable cell lines and animal model will pave the way for better understanding of PTV among Indian pigs.

Genetic Characterization and Pathology of Porcine Teschovirus (PTV) in India

<div>Background: A slaughter house study helps in the assessment of the disease status of herds and contain valuable informations about the incidence and epidemiology of animal diseases. Abattoir study also plays a significant role to know about the extent of exposure of the public to certain zoonotic diseases and helps in estimation of the financial losses due to condemnation of affected organs.&nbsp;Even in India, there is a lack of data from a proper slaughterhouse study of cows in Mizoram to determine the prevalence of pathological lesions affecting the organs and corpses. 
 
Methods: Total of 90 samples of each organ i.e. liver, lungs, kidneys, heart, spleen and 35 intestine samples were collected during the period from March 2019 to March 2020 for the present study from the Govt. slaughterhouse, Aizawl, Mizoram. Representative tissue samples were collected in 10% neutral buffered formalin (NBF) for further histopathological analysis. Fixed tissue samples processed through paraffin embedding technique and sections were cut at a 4-5 m thickness, stained with H and E and special staining like Masson&rsquo;s trichrome, Luna-Ishak, Von Kossa and Perl&rsquo;s.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Among all the organs studied, liver (65.55%) showed the highest prevalence of pathological lesions followed by intestine (42.86%), lungs (38.88), kidneys (35.55%), heart (31.11%) and spleen (20%). Circulatory disturbances were the most common pathological lesion encountered in all the organs. The major pathological condition encountered in liver was hepatitis and fibrosis. Interstitial pneumonia was more prevalent in the lungs than bronchopneumonia. Glomerulonephritis was more common in the kidney than tubulo-interstitial nephritis. In the heart, Sarcocyst was more prevalent than myocarditis.</div>

Pathological Studies on Specimens Collected from Slaughtered Bovines in Aizawl District of Mizoram

<div>Background: Odisha experiencing sporadic outbreaks of Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) throughout the year. There is a scarcity of available literature on PPR in Odisha till today. This is the first ever detail investigative approach in the state undertaken with an objective to corelate the epidemiological risk factors, haemato-biochemical and pathological changes in natural field outbreaks occurring in eight different districts.&nbsp;&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Fourteen field outbreaks of PPR were evaluated clinically as well as epidemiologically and confirmed through polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Blood, serum, faecal and tissue samples were collected to observe haemato-biochemical and pathomorphological changes to asses disease severity. 
 
Result: Present study concluded an overall mortality rate of 46.81%. Chi-square analysis revealed significant highest prevalence among 7-12 months (46.13%) age, Ganjam breed (45.51%) and females (80.49%). Frequent migration among the border areas along with poor management and helminthic infection was major precipitating factor. There was polycythemia along with neutrophilia and lymphopenia. Significant increase in alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), K+ and Ca2+&nbsp;along with creatinine, urea and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) BUN was observed in affected flocks. Antero-ventral consolidation of lungs, syncytia and presence of both eosinophilic intranuclear and intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies were major pathological changes.&nbsp;</div>