Background: Animals with various stages of bleeding tendencies are often presented with obvious blood loss and life threatening complications, although some animals are relatively stable, showing only minimal clinical signs. Canine vector-borne diseases and associated bleeding disorders are commonly encountered in routine practice with high morbidity and mortality. Diagnosis, therapeutic outcome and management of bleeding disorders have always been challenging. The objective is to study the incidence of various types of bleeding disorders with their clinical features in CVBD in the city of Chennai, Tamil Nadu.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: During the study period (2018-2020) a total of 76, 051 dogs were presented to the Madras Veterinary College Teaching Hospital, Chennai. Sixteen thousand five hundred and twenty nine (16529) dogs were presented with signs of bleeding disorders. Dogs affected with vector borne diseases had various stages of bleeding tendencies (1593 dogs) were subjected to detailed clinical, haematological, biochemical and coagulation profile assessments. Under each etiological group, the dogs were further divided into three groups based on various stages bleeding disorders in order to evaluate the clinicopathological changes in dogs. 
 
Result: The observed incidence of bleeding disorders due to canine vector borne diseases in this study were Babesiosis 41.87 per cent, Ehrlichiosis 52.7 per cent and hepatozoonosis 5.5 per cent. The incidence of Ehrlichiosis, Babesiosis and H. canis in the study population was found to be 5.2 per cent, 4.04 per cent and 0.53 per cent. Dogs due to E. canis, 51 per cent had anaemia and thrombocytopenia, 26.1 per cent had pancytopenia and 22.9 per cent had pancytopenia and DIC. Dogs due to B. gibsoni, 47.7 per cent had anaemia and thrombocytopenia, 28.5 per cent had pancytopenia and 23.8 per cent had pancytopenia and DIC.

Incidence of Various Types of Bleeding Disorders Associated with Canine Vector Borne Diseases in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India

#These authors contributed equally to this work. 
 
Background: Pancytopenia, characterized by a reduction in the number of peripheral blood cells, encompasses various etiologies, including infectious, immune-mediated diseases, sepsis and drug-related causes. The primary diagnostic tool for pancytopenia is bone marrow aspiration. The objective of this study was to elucidate bone marrow changes in naturally occurring pancytopenic cases with hemoprotozoan and immune mediated etiologies. 
 
Methods: Animals confirmed as pancytopenic through hematological analysis underwent bone marrow cytology, PCR analysis and flow cytometry to identify the underlying pathology. Over the three-year study period, bone marrow samples were collected from 44 cases. 
 
Result: Marrow findings revealed hypoplasia in 19 dogs (44.18%), hyperplasia in 15 dogs (34.09%), normocellular patterns in 4 dogs (9%) and a mixed cell type in 6 dogs (13.6%). Dogs affected by E. canis were in the initial stage of the disease, showing erythroid hyperplasia (n = 5), followed by myeloid hypoplasia due to chronic infection (n = 4). In B. gibsoni-infected dogs, erythroid hypoplasia (n = 9) and marrow necrosis (n = 1) due to severe infection were notable findings. Bone marrow cytology revealed erythroid hypoplasia as the most common finding, followed by erythroid hyperplasia. A significant correlation was observed between the myeloid-to-erythroid ratio and the peripheral monocyte count at a 99% confidence level (p&le;0.01), suggesting that activated monocytes, likely induced by infection, play a major role in pancytopenic cases.

Incidence of Various Types of Bleeding Disorders Associated with Canine Vector Borne Diseases in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India

Hemophagocytic Syndrome Associated with Infectious Diseases in Pancytopenic Dogs