<div>Background: Time of pre-emergence herbicide application is an important factor that decides the efficiency of herbicide. If the pre-emergence herbicide is not applied at appropriate time, it may cause ineffective weed control or toxicity to crops. With this background, a field experiment was conducted at TNAU, Madurai to optimize the time of pre-emergence herbicides namely pendimethalin and oxyfluorfen application for effective weed management in irrigated blackgram.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with three replication. Treatments were application of pendimethalin at 0.75 kg ha-1 and oxyfluorfen at 0.2 kg ha-1 on 1, 2, 3, 4 days after sowing, weed free check and unweeded check.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Results of the study revealed that oxyfluorfen gave maximum weed control efficiency as compared to pendimethalin, but toxicity to the crop was observed when oxyfluorfen was sprayed after 2 days of sowing. Yield and economics were achieved higher with application of 0.75 kg ha-1 of pendimethalin at 2 DAS, which was on par with application of 0.2 kg ha-1 of oxyfluorfen at 1 DAS due to lesser toxicity. Application of 0.75 kg ha-1 of pendimethalin and 0.2 kg ha-1 of oxyfluorfen didn&rsquo;t leave any herbicide residue after harvest. Hence, application of 0.75 kg ha-1 of pendimethalin at 2 DAS and 0.2 kg ha-1 of oxyfluorfen at 1 DAS can be recommended for effective weed management in irrigated balckgram.</div>

<div>Optimizing the Application Time of Pre-emergence Herbicide Pendimethalin and Oxyfluorfen Application for Effective Weed Management in Irrigated Blackgram (Vigna mungo L.) and Its Residue Persistence</div>

Background: Adsorption and subsequent release of pre-emergence herbicide into the soil solution decides the herbicide availability to kill the weeds. Herbicides applied on clay or organic rich soil type, absorb more results in lowering its availability in soil solution become sub lethal to kill the weeds, whereas sandy soil adsorb less and desorb more, sometime it increases the herbicide concentration to toxic level to crop. Effective weed control could be achieved by studying the variability of soil and deciding the dose based on the sorption and desorption properties of the soil. 
 
Methods: With this information on the background a laboratory experiment was conducted at the Department of Agronomy, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Madurai, India during 2021 to study the optimum level of oxyflourfen concentration in soil solution required to kill the weeds effectively. The study on sorption and desorption was carried out with pre-emergence herbicide oxyflourfen with five different concentrations in five different soil types. 
 
Result: The highest sorption of 98.53 per cent was observed with clayey soils followed by sandy clay loam soils with high organic matter content (96.97 per cent). The lowest sorption (77.96 per cent) was recorded with sandy loam soils. The highest desorption of 57.44 per cent was recorded with sandy loam soil and the lowest desorption percentage (13.18 per cent) was obtained with sandy clay loam soil with higher organic matter. Based on the analytical results of sorption and desorption, oxyflourfen dose was optimized as 0.53 kg ha-1 for sandy clay loam soils with high organic matter, 0.34 kg ha-1 for clay soil, 0.29 kg ha-1 for sandy clay, 0.21 kg ha-1 for sandy clay loam soil and 0.12 kg ha-1 for sandy loam soils. In conclusion, the clay soil required more quantity of oxyflourfen compared to other types of soil for effective management of weeds under irrigated condition.

Optimizing Pre-emergence Herbicide Oxyfluorfen Dose based on Its Sorption and Desorption for Effective Weed Management under Different Soil Types

<div>Background: Finger millet production and productivity is lowering in India due to the growth of different weed species. Weeds are the prime yield limiting biotic constraints in finger millet. Therefore, the present investigation has been carried out to find out the suitable weed management practices on the performance of finger millet. 
 
Methods: In this regard, a field experiment was carried out during Kharif, 2018 at Anbil Dharmalingam Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tiruchirapalli, Tamil Nadu, India to evaluate the different weed management practices for transplanted finger millet under sodic soil. The experiment comprised of ten weed management practices with different herbicidal treatments viz., pre emergence (PE) application of pendimethalin at 750 g/ha, oxyfluorfen at&nbsp;50 g/ha, bensulfuron methyl at 60 g/ha + pretilachlor at 600 g/ha, early post emergence (EPOE) application of bispyribac sodium at 25 g/ha, PE pendimethalin at 750 g/ha fb EPOE bispyribac sodium at 25 g/ha, PE oxyfluorfen at 50 g/ha fb EPOE bispyribac sodium at 25 g/ha, PE bensulfuron methyl at 60 g/ha + pretilachlor at 600 g/ha fb EPOE bispyribac sodium at 25 g/ha, PE oxyfluorfen at 50 g/ha fb hand weeding (HW) at 30 DAT, HW at 15 and 30 DAT and unweeded control (UWC) in transplanted finger millet.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The results revealed that lower nutrient removal by weeds, higher nutrient uptake by crop and yield parameters viz., productive tillers/m2, earhead weight and total grains/earhead were registered in application of PE bensulfuron methyl at 60 g/ha + pretilachlor at 600 g/ha fb EPOE bispyribac sodium at 25 g/ha. The highest grain and straw yields were also registered in application of PE bensulfuron methyl at 60 g/ha + pretilachlor at 600 g/ha fb EPOE bispyribac sodium at 25 g/ha and it was on par with hand weeding at 15 and 30 DAT.</div>

Influence of Weed Management Practices on Nutrient Removal and Performance of Transplanted Finger Millet (Eleusine coracana L.)

<div>Background: Weed management is one of the most important agronomic constraints leading to severe losses in the cropping system. Intercropping has several advantages to mitigate the losses faced by monocropping in addition to which if there is a proper control of weeds then the advantages of the intercropping system can be multiplied. 
 
Methods: An investigation was conducted on medium black clayey soils at Junagadh during kharif 2019-20 and 2020-21 in randomized block design with 10 treatments replicated thrice, to evaluate the effect of different weed management options on the growth and yield of groundnut + pigeonpea relay intercropping. The treatments were: pendimethalin 0.9 kg ha-1 as PE fb interculture and hand weeding at 45 DAS (T1), pendimethalin 0.45 kg ha-1 + oxyfluorfen 0.09 kg ha-1 as PE fb interculture and hand weeding at 45 DAS (T2), interculture and hand weeding at 15 DAS fb sodium acifluorfen 16.5% + clodinafop propargyl 8% (ready mix) 1 kg ha-1 at 45 DAS as POE (T3), interculture and hand weeding at 15 DAS fb quizalofop p ethyl 40 g ha-1 at 45 DAS as POE (T4),&nbsp; interculture and hand weeding at 15 DAS fb propaquizafop 70 g ha-1 at 45 DAS as POE (T5), pendimethalin 0.9 kg ha-1 as PE fb sodium acifluorfen 16.5% + clodinafop propargyl 8% (ready mix) 1 kg ha-1 at 45 DAS as POE (T6), pendimethalin 0.9 kg ha-1 as a PE fb quizalofop p ethyl 40 g ha-1 at 45 DAS as POE (T7), pendimethalin 0.9 kg as ha-1 PE fb propaquizafop 70 g ha-1 at 45 DAS as POE (T8), weed free (T9) and unweeded control (T10). 
 
Result: The results of the experiment revealed that weed free registered significantly higher plant height, number of branches, dry matter per plant and&nbsp; number of root nodules per plant in groundnut and pigeonpea and was statistically on par with to intercultureand hand weeding at 15 DAS fb sodium acifluorfen 16.5% + clodinafop propargyl 8% (ready&nbsp; mix) 1 kg ha-1 at 45 DAS as PoE, pendimethalin 0.9 kg ha-1 as PE fb sodium acifluorfen 16.5% + clodinafop propargyl 8% (ready mix) 1 kg ha-1 at 45 DAS as PoE. The data on yield attributes and yield of both the crops depicted that significantly superior results were obtained with weed free treatment, which was statistically at par with intercultureand hand weeding at 15 DAS fb sodium acifluorfen 16.5% + clodinafop propargyl 8% (Ready mix) 1 kg ha-1 at 45 DAS as PoE and pendimethalin 0.9 kg ha-1 as PE fb sodium acifluorfen 16.5% + clodinafop propargyl 8% (Ready mix) 1 kg ha-1 at 45 DAS as PoE. While in case of groundnut equivalent pod and haulm yields, statistically superior yields were registered with weed free treatment, which was statistically at par with intercultureand hand weeding at 15 DAS fb sodium acifluorfen 16.5% + clodinafop propargyl 8% (Ready mix) 1 kg ha-1 at 45 DAS as PoE.</div>

Productivity of Groundnut + Pigeonpea Relay Intercropping System as Influenced by Weed Management Options

<div style="text-align: justify;">The study was conducted at Agricultural Research Station, Mandor, Jodhpur during 2016-17 (rabi). The experiment was laid out in randomized block design (RBD) with 16 treatments and replicated thrice. The treatments were two doses of each herbicides i.e. pendimethalin (0.40 and 0.60 kg a.i./ha), oxyfluorfen (100 and 200 g a.i./ha) and imazethapyr (40 and 60 g a.i./ha) with their combinations as pre and post-emergence including weedy check and weed free. Among the herbicidal treatments, sequential application of pre and post-emergence herbicides i.e. pendimethalin @ 0.60 kg a.i./ha (PE) + imazethapyr @ 60 g a.i./ha at 20 DAS (W12) recorded significantly higher seed yield with higher weed control efficiency and weed index and established its superiority over other weed management treatments. However, it remained at par with pre and post-emergence herbicides i.e. pendimethalin @ 0.60 kg a.i./ha (PE) + imazethapyr @ 40 g a.i./ha at 20 DAS (W11) at all growth stages of crop. Although, weed free recorded higher seed yield and showed significant superiority over rest of the weed management treatments, but it was statistically at par with W12 and W11.&nbsp;</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Efficacy of pre and post-emergence herbicides on weed control in chickpea&nbsp;(Cicer arietinum L.)</div>

<div>Background: This study was conducted in 2017-2018 and 2018-2019 to determine the effects of pre and post herbicides and different doses of applications on the weed dynamics, yield components and yield of chickpea under irrigated condition of Central Punjab region. The main objective of this experiment was to find out the suitable herbicide options to control the weeds along with high profitability. 
 
Methods: The experiment was carried out at Experimental Farm, Department of Agriculture, Mata Gujri College, Fatehgarh Sahib, Punjab, during the rabi season of two consecutive years. The experiment was conducted in randomized block design comprised of ten treatments with three replications.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The experiment result revealed significantly lowest weed density was found with application of pendimethalin @ 1 kg ha-1 as pre-emergence + quizalofop @ 60 g ha-1 as post emergence and it remained at par with pendimethalin @ 1 kg ha-1 + imazethapyr @ 40 g ha-1 and oxyfluorfen @ 125 g ha-1 + quizalofop @ 60 g ha-1. The highest yield attributes viz. number of pods plant-1, seed pod-1 and seed index and grain yield were recorded under these treatments. The effective control of first flush of weeds by pendimethalin and subsequent flushes by post-emergence application of quizalofop and imazethapyr.</div>

Effect of Herbicidal Weed Management Practices on Weed Dynamics and Productivity of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)

<div style="text-align: justify;">A field experiment was conducted at Research Farm of Agriculture Research Station, S K Rajasthan Agricultural University, Bikaner during 3 consecutive kharif season of 2014, 2015 and 2016with fourteen weeds control treatments of pendimethalin 1.0 kg/ha (PPI), pendimethalin 1.0 kg/ha (PE), imazethapyr + pendimethalin 800g/ha, imazethapyr + pendamethalin 900g, imazethapyr + pendamethalin 1000g, &nbsp;imazethapyr 50g, imazethapyr 70g/ha,imazethapyr + imazemox 60g/ha, imazethapyr + imazemox 70g/ha, oxyfluorfen 40g/ha, fenoxaprop p-ethyl 50g/ha, propaquizafop 62g/ha, weed free and weedy check in randomized block design with three replications. Weed free was found most effective to control weeds in groundnut and recorded lowest weed count and weed dry matter of both broad leaved and grassy weeds. Among the different herbicides, application of imazethapyr + pendamethalin 800g recorded efficiently controlled weed count and weed dry matter of both broad leaved and grassy weeds as well as significantly highest yield attribute and yield in groundnut over all the other herbicidal treatments viz. dry matter accumulation (75.2g), number of pods/plant (31.2), pod (2979 kg/ha), haulm (7711 kg/ha) and biological yield (10690 kg/ha). Among the different herbicides, application of imazethapyr + pendamethalin 800g recorded higher net returns of84132/haand B:C ratio of 2.22.</div>

Optimizing the Application Time of Pre-emergence Herbicide Pendimethalin and Oxyfluorfen Application for Effective Weed Management in Irrigated Blackgram (Vigna mungo L.) and Its Residue Persistence

Optimizing Pre-emergence Herbicide Oxyfluorfen Dose based on Its Sorption and Desorption for Effective Weed Management under Different Soil Types

Influence of Weed Management Practices on Nutrient Removal and Performance of Transplanted Finger Millet (Eleusine coracana L.)

Productivity of Groundnut + Pigeonpea Relay Intercropping System as Influenced by Weed Management Options

Efficacy of pre and post-emergence herbicides on weed control in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)

Effect of Herbicidal Weed Management Practices on Weed Dynamics and Productivity of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)

Herbicidal weed management in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea)