<div>The present study aimed to evaluate the inhibitory effect of Orobanche extract in ethylene glycol induced nephrolithiasis. Thirty male albino rats were divided into five groups each group contains 6 animals, group (1) control group, group (2) animals were supplied with 0.75% ethylene glycol in drinking water, group (3) animals were administrated Orobanche extract 3g/kg orally, group (4) animals were administrated Cystone 500 mg/kg in addition to 0.75% ethylene glycol, group (5) animals were administrated Orobanche extract 3g/kg orally in addition to 0.75% ethylene glycol the experiment continued for 28 days. Serum and the kidney homogenates were analyzed for various biochemical parameters and urine was examined microscopically for crystals. Orobanche treatment group and Cystone treatment group significantly decreased phosphorus, Calcium and Oxalate in kidney tissue of nephrolithiasis rats and significantly decreased kidney and liver marker in serum of nephrolithiasis rats. Conclusion this result revealed that Orobanche extract could be a potential candidate for phytotherapy against nephrolithiasis.&nbsp;</div>


<div>The Inhibitory Ability of <em>Orobanche</em> Extract on Calcium Oxalate Lithiasis in Male Albino Rats</div>


<div><strong>Background: </strong>Broomrape (<em>Orobanche crenata</em> Forsk.) is a major biotic stress of faba bean and affects the yield adversely. The impact of intercropping to curb the spread and progress of parasite was tested by using two faba bean cultivars under heavily soil infested conditions of broomrape. The present study was aimed to evaluate intercropping of fenugreek, flax, garlic or radish with two faba bean cultivars on broomrape incidence to increase faba bean yield, land usage and economic return in heavy soil infestation of broomrape.<br />
<br />
<strong>Methods: </strong>This study was carried out at Giza Agricultural Research Station (Lat. 30&deg;00&prime;30&Prime; N, Long. 31&deg;12&prime;43&Prime; E, 26 m a.s.l), Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt.&nbsp;During winter seasons of 2017/2018 and 2018/2019, the treatments were the combinations of two faba bean cultivars (Nubaria 1 and Nubaria 2) and four intercrops (fenugreek, flax, garlic and radish), as well as sole plantings of all the tested crops under heavily infestation of broomrape were tested in field conditions. A split-plot design with three replicates was used. Faba bean cultivars were assigned in the main plots and intercropping and sole plantings of faba bean were arranged in sub plots.&nbsp;<br />
<br />
<strong>Result: </strong>Results showed that Nubaria 2 had two mechanisms to broomrape offensive, mainly including cell wall build-up and stamping of vascular tissues. It also had higher soil oxalic and ascorbic acid concentrations than Nubaria 1. Sole Nubaria 1 rhizosphere had higher soil formic acid whereas, fenugreek + Nubaria 2 had higher soil oxalic, ascorbic and salicylic acids concentrations in faba bean rhizosphere. Lower number of spikes per m<sup>2</sup> and their dry weight per m<sup>2</sup> were obtained by radish + Nubaria 2 followed by flax + Nubaria 2. Radish + Nubaria 2 recorded higher land equivalent ratio and economic return followed by flax + Nubaria 2. Growing one row of radish or flax between two rows of Nubaria 2 in ridges 60 cm width could be an integrated control strategy to increase faba bean productivity, land usage and economic return under heavily soil infested with broomrape.</div>


<div>Impact of Intercropping of Different Crops with Two Faba Bean Cultivars on Infestation with Broomrape&nbsp;</div>


<div><strong>Background: </strong>Broomrape (<em>Orobanche crenata </em>Forsk.) is a major threat to faba bean and an important danger parasite. An intercropping is a necessity to curb the spread and progress of the parasite before it leads to much more economic losses. The current study was aimed to evaluate intercropping of fenugreek with faba bean under two plant densities of both crops on broomrape incidence to increase faba bean yield, land usage and economic return in heavy soil infestation of broomrape.<br />
<br />
<strong>Methods: </strong>This study was carried out at Giza Agricultural Research Station (Lat. 30&deg;00&prime;30&Prime; N, Long. 31&deg;12&prime;43&Prime; E, 26 m a.s.l), Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt. During the winter season of 2017/2018 and 2018/2019 seasons, sixteen treatments were the combinations between two ridge widths (60 &ldquo;narrow&rdquo; and 120 cm &ldquo;wide&rdquo;) and six cropping systems (50% faba bean + 50% fenugreek, 100% faba bean + 50% fenugreek, 50% faba bean + 100% fenugreek, 100% faba bean + 100% fenugreek, 50% sole faba bean and 100% sole faba bean), as well as sole plantings of fenugreek under heavy soil infestation of broomrape. A split-plot design with three replicates was used. Ridge widths were assigned in the main plots and cropping systems were arranged in sub plots.&nbsp;<br />
<br />
<strong>Result:</strong> Growing faba bean plants in wide ridges had physical barriers with stamping of the vascular system against the parasite. 50% faba bean + 100% fenugreek had higher soil total phenols in faba bean rhizosphere than the others. Growing 50% faba bean + 100% fenugreek in wide ridges had lower number of spikes per m<sup>2</sup> and spikes dry weight per m<sup>2</sup>, meanwhile, growing 100% faba bean + 100% fenugreek in wide ridges had higher seed yields of both crops per ha, land usage and economic return. Growing two rows of faba bean (100% of sole cropping) in both sides of wide ridge (120 cm width) with four rows of fenugreek (100% of sole cropping) in middle of the ridge could be an integrated control strategy to increase faba bean productivity, land usage and economic return under heavily soil infested of broomrape.</div>


The Inhibitory Ability of Orobanche Extract on Calcium Oxalate Lithiasis in Male Albino Rats

Impact of Intercropping of Different Crops with Two Faba Bean Cultivars on Infestation with Broomrape

Cropping Systems of Fenugreek with Faba Bean to Reduce Broomrape Infestation