<div>Abiotic stresses adversely affect plant growth and ultimately crop productivity. Of these, water-logging is the most widespread and most commonly experienced stress factor. While water is essential for all plant growth and development processes, waterlogging is an obstacle to sustainable agriculture. Recent FAO reports indicate that universal crop production must be enhanced by 70% by 2050 in order to meet the growing demand for food by an estimated 2.3 billion people. As demand for food increases, there is an urgent need to identify environment-friendly strategies capable of being accepted and adopted widely to enhance crop yields and mitigate the effects of climate change. Nanotechnology as a science of manipulating materials at the nano-scale has significant potential to enhance agricultural productivity by nonconventional means. This technology has been gaining momentum lately as a possible solution to reduce the adverse effects associated with various stresses, particularly with waterlogging, to enhance future food security. This paper discusses the potential applications of nanoparticles to achieve sustainable crop productivity, together with their impact on the mechanism of tolerance to waterlogging stress.</div>

Application of Nanobiotechnology in Enabling Plants to Overcome Water-logging Stress: A Review

Background: Cassia fistula L., a flowering plant of the leguminous family (Fabaceae), has been explored for its potential in synthesizing silver nanoparticles. This plant is known for its medicinal properties, making it a promising candidate for applications in nanobiotechnology. 
 
Methods: The researchers employed a combination of hot and cold extraction procedures to synthesize silver nanoparticles using seed extracts of C.fistula. The identity and characteristics of these nanoparticles were verified through various techniques, including chromatography, imaging microscopy, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. Biological activities such as antioxidant and antibacterial properties were tested. For antioxidant activity, a reaction mixture consisting of 50 &mu;l of seed extract and 5 ml of a 0.04% (w/v) DPPH solution was used. Antibacterial activity was evaluated against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes at concentrations of 0.125, 0.25, 0.5 and 1 mg/ml of AgNPs. Additionally, the antibiofilm effect and hemolysis impact were studied. 
 
Result: The synthesized silver nanoparticles demonstrated significant biological activities, including antioxidant and antibacterial effects. The diameters of the zones of inhibition for P.aeruginosa at a concentration of 1 mg/ml were 20 mm for cold extract and 18 mm for E.coli using hot extract. These findings highlight the potential of C. fistula as a sustainable source for environmentally friendly nanomaterials, contributing to advancements in medical and environmental sciences. Finally, the use of silver nanoparticles from Cassia fistula encourages sustainable and productive agricultural practices, by improving plant health and yield, potentially revolutionizing agricultural methods. 
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Application of Nanobiotechnology in Enabling Plants to Overcome Water-logging Stress: A Review

Bioactive Nanoparticles from Cassia fistula L. Seed Aqueous Extract: Assessment of Multiple Biological Activities