Background: Due to ozone depletion, the potential threat of rising solar UV radiation levels at the Earth&rsquo;s surface has led to demand for worldwide measurement of solar UV radiation. UV is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength ranging from 200 nm - 400 nm and constitutes about 10% of the light output of sun. It is the most photochemically reactive wavelength of solar radiation and important critical abiotic stressor for organisms, particularly in their early stages of life. UV radiation directly regulates insect life processes and indirectly changes in insect biochemistry and morphogenesis. 
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Methods: In this study, measurement of solar UV-B was performed in the Haridwar and Tehri Garhwal, Uttarakhand with the help of radiometer having UV-B sensor. Artificial UV-B provided with UV-B lamp. Mortality rate, Protein content and GSH level were observed in mustard and pea crop aphids species after exposure to solar and artificial UV-B irradiation separately and with alpha-terthienyl photosensitizer. 
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Result: The data of measurement of UV-B showed that the maximum intensity of UV-B was found in during month of June and minimum in the month of January. Mortality rate of aphids that artificial UV-B radiation with alpha-terthienyl shows a highly toxic effect on aphids population diversity and dispersal. Protein and GSH level decreased in all groups compared to control. Maximum reduction in protein and GSH level was found in after treatment of artificial UV-B with alpha-terthienyl. Exposure of artificial UV-B radiation with alpha-terthienyl shows stunted growth, morphological changes, low reproduction and high mortality in aphids. Artificial UV-B was found to be more toxic than solar UV-B. Mustard aphid (Lipaphis erysimi) was found to be more sensitive than pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum). Climate change and increase in UV-B levels affect aphid development and population growth. 
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Impact of Ultraviolet Radiation with Alpha-terthienyl on the Aphids Pea Aphid (Acyrothosiphon pisum) and Mustard Aphid (Lipaphis erysimi)

<div>Background: The prime intention of this research work was to assess the effect of synthetic insecticides and bio-pesticide against natural enemies of aphid, Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt.), mainly ladybird beetle Coccinella septumpunctata (Linnaeus) and syrphid fly, Ischiodon scutellaris (Fabricius) in mustard was evaluated.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: The field experiment was conducted at Student Research Farm, Department of Entomology, CSAUA and T Kanpur during Rabi season of 2013-14 and 2014-15. Experiment conducted in Randomized block design with three replication and eight treatments. Imidacloprid, deltamethrin, spinosad, fipronil, thiamethoxam, Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana were tested against natural enemies and available population of natural enemies of aphid were recorded before 1 day and after 3, 5, 7 and 14 days of spray application. M. anisopliae and B. bassiana were the most effective with less toxicity against Ladybird beetle and syrphid fly by continuously increasing population after application. Though all the tested chemical insecticides were found toxic to the lady bird beetle and syrphid fly larvae, imidacloprid and thiamethoxam were found relatively safer to other insecticides by recording less mortality after 14 days of spraying during two years testing period. &nbsp; 
 
Result: M. anisopliae, B. bassiana, imidacloprid and thiamethoxam may be used for the management of insect pests because of their less toxicity to beneficial insects.</div>

<div style="text-align:justify">Synthetic Insecticides and Bio-pesticide Affect Natural Enemies of Aphid (Lipaphis erysimi Kalt) in Mustard&nbsp;</div>

Mustard (Brassica juncea) is a versatile and widely cultivated plant in the Brassicaceae family. Among the primary factors impeding mustard yield, insect pest damage stands prominent. Insect pests such as mustard aphid (Lipaphis erysimi), mustard sawfly (Athalia lugens proxima), painted bug (Bagrada hilaris), diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella)and cabbage butterfly (Pieris brassicae) cause significant damage to mustard production. The excessive reliance on chemical insecticides to control these insect pests may negatively affect non-target organisms such as beneficial insects, pollinatorsand natural enemies of pests, thus disrupting ecosystem balance and posing risks to biodiversity. In pursuit of sustainable alternatives to broad-spectrum chemical pesticides, entomopathogens play a pivotal role in safer pest management strategies. These biological control agents, including various fungi, bacteria, virusesand nematodes, specifically target insect pests while being safer for non-target organisms and the environment. With more widespread commercialization, entomopathogenic fungi hold significant promise in bolstering integrated pest management practices.

Impact of Ultraviolet Radiation with Alpha-terthienyl on the Aphids Pea Aphid (Acyrothosiphon pisum) and Mustard Aphid (Lipaphis erysimi)

Synthetic Insecticides and Bio-pesticide Affect Natural Enemies of Aphid (Lipaphis erysimi Kalt) in Mustard

Scope of Entomopathogenic Fungi in the Mustard Ecosystem: A Review