Background: Feline constipation is a multifactorial condition that extends beyond impaired gastrointestinal motility and is frequently associated with systemic metabolic and acid-base disturbances. Prolonged fecal retention may disrupt fluid balance, electrolyte homeostasis and acid-base equilibrium, thereby affecting multiple organ systems. For this reason, a comprehensive assessment of both clinical findings and metabolic parameters is essential for effective case management. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical, hematological and metabolic effects of five commonly used laxative protocols in cats with constipation. 
 
Methods: A total of 40 cats were included in the study, comprising 10 clinically healthy cats (control group; CG) and 30 constipated cats (study group; SG). Measurements were obtained at baseline (T0) and monitored daily throughout the treatment period (Days 1-3). Clinical findings, hematological indices, serum biochemical parameters and arterial blood gas values were assessed. Constipated cats were allocated to five treatment groups: psyllium (PHF), docusate sodium (DS), lactulose (LT), magnesium sulfate (MS) and sennoside-bisacodyl (SBC). Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA followed by Duncan&rsquo;s multiple comparison test, with significance set at p&lt;0.05. 
 
Result: At baseline (T0), constipated cats exhibited significant metabolic acidosis, hemoconcentration associated with dehydration and elevated inflammatory markers (p&lt;0.05). All treatment protocols resulted in clinical improvement; however, lactulose and psyllium demonstrated more consistent normalization of metabolic and hematological parameters. In contrast, magnesium sulfate and sennoside-bisacodyl were associated with transient electrolyte fluctuations, particularly in potassium levels. These findings suggest that feline constipation should be considered a systemic disorder with notable metabolic consequences and that lactulose and psyllium provide more stable therapeutic outcomes.

Comparative Clinical, Hematological and Metabolic Profile Analysis of Five Different Laxative Protocols in Feline Constipation: A Prospective Study on Systemic Homeostasis, Acid-base Balance and Therapeutic Efficacy

<div>Background: The dairy industry is one of the largest industries in India. The exports were made to 105 countries in the world. Dairy production is one of the major sustenance factors for the rural economy of India. Notably, India ranks first in Isabgol production (98%) and is the sole supplier of seeds and husk in the international market. Among medicinal plants, Isabgol is the first ranked foreign exchange earner for the country. India is the largest producer and the main supplier of seed and husk to the world market. It contains a significant number of proteins and husk yields colloidal mucilage which are valued for medicinal application and is used in Ayurveda, unani and allopathic systems of medicines. It is the main constituent of a number of laxative preparations. The psyllium is high in soluble fibre content with detoxing effect over digestive system makes it a very apt nutraceutical.&nbsp;Basundi is one of the heats desiccated indigenous products popular in Western part of India, mostly Maharashtra and Gujarat. It can be classified in the condensed milk group along with rabri, khoa, mithai and kheer and can be considered similar to sweetened condensed whole milk. 
 
Methods: The present investigation indicates utilization of encapsulated lactic acid bacteria culture (Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus bulgaricus) and modified psyllium husk for the preparation of probiotic basundi. The prepared probiotic basundi was analyzed for sensorial, physicochemical and microbial quality parameters. Probiotic basundi was prepared from 1000 ml of milk, 90 gm sugar, 02-03 pieces of cardamom, saffron and encapsulated LAB culture having (107, 108 and 109 cfu/gm containing equal proportions of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus bulgaricus) with 0.65 per cent hydrochloric acid modified psyllium husk. The probiotic basundi was then stored at refrigerated conditions at 4&deg;C for 08 hrs. 
 
Result: The organoleptic evaluation of probiotic basundi was carried out. As per the score of hedonic scale, basundi with encapsulated 10 per cent probiotic culture (109 cfu/gm) with 0.65 per cent hydrochloric acid modified psyllium husk had shown maximum consumer acceptability (8.3) among all samples.</div>

Comparative Clinical, Hematological and Metabolic Profile Analysis of Five Different Laxative Protocols in Feline Constipation: A Prospective Study on Systemic Homeostasis, Acid-base Balance and Therapeutic Efficacy

Exploration of Encapsulated Modified Psyllium Husk for Preparation of Probiotic Basundi