<div>Background: Carbapenems are beta-lactam antibiotics that are considered as the last line of therapy against multidrug resistant extended spectrum beta-lactamase. The resistance to carbapenems predominantly through carbapenemase is one of the most important emerging health problems worldwide in the therapy of clinical infections. The objective of the present study is to determine the presence of carbapenemase encoding genes among Gram- negative bacterial spp. associated with clinical infections in dogs.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: 30 Escherichia coli, 11 Klebsiella pneumoniae and three Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from urine, swabs from lesional skin and anterior vagina of dogs presented with different clinical ailments formed the samples for the study. Polymerase chain reaction was carried out to detect the presence of carbapenemase encoding genes viz., KPC, NDM, OXA, VIM and IMP among the isolates. 
 
Result: Out of the 44 Gram- negative isolates tested, 28 (76.3%) were positive for at least one tested carbapenemase gene. The highest frequency of carbapenemase recorded was for NDM followed by OXA-181, KPC, OXA-48 and VIM. Our study identified a high prevalence of carbapenemases among companion animals like dogs which could act as potential source of transmission of these resistance bacteria or their genomes to humans.</div>

<div>Molecular Detection of Carbapenem Resistant Gram Negative Bacterial Isolates from Dogs&nbsp;</div>

<div>Background: Intramedullary pinning (IMP) is the most commonly used internal skeletal fixation technique. Threaded pins (also called Schanz Screws) provide a comparatively better holding strength than non-threaded tipped intramedullary pins. The present study was planned to evaluate and compare the efficacy of positive and negative profile end threaded intramedullary pins in the management of long bone fractures in dogs.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Eleven clients owned dog suffering from fracture of long bones were randomly divided in to two groups. Animals of group I (n=5) and group II (n=6) were treated with end threaded positive and negative profile intra medullary pin, respectively. The intramedullary pinning was done using 3 to 5.5 mm diameter pins under general anesthesia, the time taken for surgery, size of end threaded intramedullary pin used in each case was noted down. Radiographs were taken preoperatively, immediately after fixation and then at regular intervals till signs of radiographic healing were evident.&nbsp; 
 
Result: There was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of time taken for fixation/surgery and in healing time, with a gradual improvement in weight bearing postoperatively in both the groups. There was mild periosteal callus formation in all the cases when observed radiographically and the pins were removed after radiographic healing was evident in an anticlockwise manner using Jacob&rsquo;s chuck and key, under mild sedation. There was no complication like implant failure or pin tract sepsis or pin migration or pin breakage in any of the cases of two groups. However, passing the positive profile end threaded intramedullary pin in distal fragment is comparatively smoother and easier as compared to negative profile end threaded intra medullary pin.</div>

Molecular Detection of Carbapenem Resistant Gram Negative Bacterial Isolates from Dogs

Evaluation of End-threaded Positive and Negative Profile Intramedullary Pins for Management of Long Bone Fractures in Dogs