Background: Fractures in Bovine occur when mechanical forces exceed bone strength and are often associated with soft tissue injury. Conventional methods such as bandages and casts are economical but may result in delayed healing, malunion and management difficulties. Surgical techniques like Steinmann intramedullary pinning and intramedullary interlocking nailing (IILN) are increasingly used to overcome these limitations. Steinmann pinning is simple and cost-effective but provides poor rotational stability, whereas IILN offers superior control of bending, axial and rotational forces, making it suitable for complex fractures. This study compared Steinmann pinning and IILN in Bovine using clinical, radiographic, physiological and biochemical parameters. 
 
Methods: Bovine with long bone fractures were treated using either Steinmann pinning or IILN under general anesthesia with guaifenesin, tiletamine-zolazepam and isoflurane. Clinical observations, radiographic healing, physiological and biochemical parameters and postoperative complications were evaluated periodically. 
 
Result: Static IILN showed earlier weight bearing than dynamic IILN and Steinmann pinning. Pin migration and infection were observed in the Steinmann pin group, while bolt bending occurred in the IILN group. Radiographs revealed effective healing in both groups, with minimal callus formation in IILN cases, indicating superior stability. Steinmann pinning was suitable for simple fractures, whereas IILN provided better stability and functional recovery in complex fractures. 
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Comparative Evaluation of Steinmann Pin and Intra-medullary Interlocking Nail for Tibial Fracture Repair in Bovine

Background: Humeral fractures account for approximately 10% of appendicular fractures in dogs and present considerable surgical challenges due to the complex anatomy of the bone and its surrounding neurovascular structures. Despite the availability of multiple fixation techniques, the comparative clinical outcomes of these methods in naturally occurring canine humeral fractures remain insufficiently documented in the Indian subcontinental context. 
 
Methods: This prospective clinical study evaluated 19 dogs with unilateral humeral fractures managed surgically at the Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, PVNR TVU, Rajendranagar, between 2021 and 2025. Fractures were classified using the AO/ASIF-Vet system. Fixation methods included plate-rod constructs (locking compression plate [LCP] combined with Steinmann intramedullary [IM] pins; n = 11), plate-only fixation (n = 4), IM pinning alone (n = 2), IM pin with cerclage wire (n = 1) and intramedullary interlocking nail (IILN; n = 1). All surgeries were performed via the standard craniolateral approach under general anaesthesia. Functional recovery was assessed using the lameness grading scale and radiographic healing was evaluated at 30, 60 and 90 days postoperatively. 
 
Result: All 19 dogs achieved weight-bearing by the 15th&nbsp;postoperative day, with the exception of cases involving transcondylar metaphyseal fractures, which attained weight-bearing by day 60. Mean lameness scores improved progressively from 4.0&plusmn;0.15 on postoperative day 1 to 1.0&plusmn;0.0 by day 90. Radiographic evidence of bone healing with stable implant positioning was observed in all cases by 90 days. Implant-related complications (pin loosening requiring early removal) were recorded in three cases involving plate-rod constructs for transcondylar and supracondylar fractures.

Comparative Evaluation of Steinmann Pin and Intra-medullary Interlocking Nail for Tibial Fracture Repair in Bovine

Clinical Evaluation of Surgical Management of Humeral Fractures in Dogs