Background: Diets rich in complex carbohydrates, such as Arrowroot and diets containing casein have the potential to be effective in preventing disease. This study aims to determine whether the combination of an arrowroot diet, low sugar and added casein in oxidative stress-induced rats on body weight, consumption of feed, glucose levels, lipid profile and expression of the gene that regulates cholesterol synthesis, namely HMGCR. 
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Methods: The research was experimental on 1-month-old rats. A total of 20 female rats were randomized into four groups, namely 1) standard feed without induction of oxidative stress (normal group), 2) standard feed with induction of oxidative stress, 3) modified feed A (arrowroot 30% and induction of oxidative stress, 4) modified feed B (arrowroot 60% and induction of oxidative stress). After seven months, blood was collected from the orbit to examine lipid profile levels and blood glucose levels. Liver tissue was assessed for HMGCR mRNA expression. 
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Result: The body weight and feed intake in the normal and modified feed B groups were higher than in the other groups. There were no significant differences between groups&rsquo; total cholesterol, LDL-C, HDL-C, triglycerides and blood glucose levels. HMGCR expression level measured as 1.05&plusmn;0.38; 0.926&plusmn;0.32; 1.24&plusmn;0.37 and 1.55&plusmn;0.6 (p=0.17), respectively.

The Effect of Arrowroot and Casein Diet in Oxidative Stress-induced Rats on Lipid Metabolism

Background: Emerging experimental and human evidence has linked decreased ovary-origin hormones and obesity and various metabolic diseases through affecting homeostasis of glucose and lipid metabolism, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: To investigate the effect removal of ovary on the growth and fat deposition of female pigs. In this work, we compared the average backfat thickness, hepatic lipid metabolism indexes and hepatic transcriptome between ovariectomized (OVX) and sham-operated (Sham) female pigs. 
 
Result: Results showed that the OVX females had remarkably increased backfat thickness, total cholesterol and triglyceride levels in the liver, whereas serum estradiol levels and hepatic high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels presented significantly lower levels compared with those in the sham females. A total of 414 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) identified by transcriptome analysis between the OVX and Sham livers, of which 130 and 314 genes were up-and down-regulated in the OVX livers, respectively. Pathway analysis showed that these DEGs were mainly involved in PPAR signaling pathway, insulin signaling pathway, insulin resistance, hippo signaling pathway. Besides, twelve DEGs involved in glucose and lipid metabolism were screened out, including PCK1, FDPS, HMGCR, HMGCS1, HMGCS2, PPP1R3B, PPP1R3C, ACAT2, SIK1, OGDHL, SOCS2 and IGFBP1. These results indicate that hormones generated by ovaries may play important roles in subcutaneous fat deposition by mediating hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism in female pigs.

The Effect of Arrowroot and Casein Diet in Oxidative Stress-induced Rats on Lipid Metabolism

Ovariectomy May be Responsible for Subcutaneous Fat Deposition by Altering Hepatic Lipid Metabolism in Female Pigs