Background: Faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is a novel therapy in the field of gastroenterology which has been studied at current times with greater curiosity.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: FMT was applied as an adjunct to symptomatic treatment in Canine Parvovirus (CPV) affected dogs for a period of 8 days once daily from the day of presentation. The results were compared with a similar group suffering from CPV infection maintained only on symptomatic treatment.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Response to FMT was evaluated on the basis of time taken for resolution of diarrhoea, time of hospitalization, scoring of clinical parameters, recurrence of gastroenteritis within 2 months post therapy of the two groups. Furthermore, adverse events and retention time of the transplant after the procedure were noted. It was observed that the 66.67% (4/6) dogs of FMT treated group had a quicker resolution of diarrhoea (mean 48 hours); FMT treated dogs had better clinical scores compared to symptomatic therapy group (score of 1 or clinically insignificant vs 4 or mildly diseased), lesser recurrence of diarrhoea 2 months post therapy in FMT treated group (16.67% vs 50%). Post FMT one case showed low grade fever (n=1) and epistaxis (n=1) respectively which resolved within 24 hours. The mean retention time of the transplant improved from (20.83&plusmn;2.39) minutes to (140&plusmn; 12.66) on Day 7th of the trial (p&lt; 0.01). Faecal Microbiota Transplantation as an adjunct therapy might aid in early resolution of diarrhoea in acute diarrhoea in dogs.

Faecal Microbiota Transplantation in Canine Parvoviral Diarrhoea

Background: Celiac disease (CD) is an autoimmune disease characterized by chronic inflammation that essentially affects the small intestine and is caused by food that contain gluten. This research aimed to explore the impact of interleukin 21 (IL-21) and interleukin 23 (IL-23) on development the Celiac disease in Iraqi patients. 
&nbsp; 
Methods: Forty adults have CD were enrolled in the study with age range between 15-60 years with an average age of 36.60&plusmn; 2.03 years. The diagnosis of the disease was confirmed by serological examinations and intestinal endoscopy in Gastroenterology and Liver Teaching Hospital in the Medical City Hospital in Baghdad and a forty healthy subjects were included in this study as control group with age range between 16-59 years with an average age of 32.22&plusmn;1.97 years. The blood serum were examined for Anti tissue transglutaminase (tTG) IgA and IgG (IgA ant-tTG and IgG ant-tTG) and Anti-DGP IgA (IgA ant-DGP) antibodies as well as IL-21 and IL-23 by using enzyme-linked immunoassay technique ((ELISA). Also, the gene expression of IL-21 and IL-23 in peripheral blood of Iraqi CD patients was determined by using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) assay. 
&nbsp; 
Result: The results showed that serum levels of anti-tTG (IgA, IgG) and anti-gliadin (IgA) antibodies were significantly higher in CD patients than in control (25.13&plusmn;1.12, 19.86&plusmn;1.13, and 32.01&plusmn;2.36 vs. 12.62&plusmn;1.04, 6.83&plusmn;0.82,&nbsp; and 21.59&plusmn;1.44 U/ml, respectively; p &lt; 0.01). In addition, IL-21 and IL-23 serum level was increased in CD patients with high significant differences (490.02&plusmn;20.46 and 565.22&plusmn;22.84 vs 106.87&plusmn;4.23 and 256.03&plusmn;13.52 pg/ml; p &lt; 0.01), respectively. The results of gene expression revealed the level of IL-21 and IL-23 was increased significantly by 3.33&plusmn;0.35 and 2.83&plusmn;0.27 fold change in CD patients in comparison to control. 
&nbsp;

Faecal Microbiota Transplantation in Canine Parvoviral Diarrhoea

The Impact of Interleukin-21 and 23 Serum Level and Gene Expression in Celiac Disease among Sample of Iraqi Patients