<div>Background: The anthelmintic activity of Butea frondosa seed extract as an alternative to the synthetic anthelmintic against GIPs in goats was undertaken by studying EPG, body weight and hemato-biochemical parameters in the infested goats.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Goats (n=18) found positive for parasitic infection by screening at Goat Research Station (GRS), AAU, Byrnihat were selected for the study. Two doses of ethanolic extract of Butea frondosa seed @ 100 mg/kg (Group A, n=6), @ 200 mg/kg (Group B, n=6) and Fentasplus @ 5 mg/kg body weight p. o. (Group C, n= 6) were given on 0th day and 14th day. Faecal and blood samples were collected at weekly intervals for a period of 42 days. 
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Result: A significant decrease in the EPG count was noticed on 14th day post treatment. A significant increase in body weight and Hb, PCV, TEC, total serum protein, albumin, sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride, phosphorus and significant decrease in ESR, TLC, neutrophil, eosinophil count, AST, ALT and ALP were noticed post treatment. On the basis of reduction in EPG count and improvement in body weight and haemato-biochemical parameters, it is concluded that the ethanolic extracts of Butea frondosa seed @ 200 mg/kg body weight showed better result as anthelmintic in this study.&nbsp;</div>

Evaluation of in vivo Anthelmintic Efficacy of Ethanolic Extract of Butea frondosa Seed against GI Parasites in Goats

Background: This cross-sectional study examined 1,838 small ruminants (661 sheep and 1,227 goats) to investigate the spatial epidemiology and associated risk factors of gastrointestinal parasites (GIPs) through coprological analysis across all twenty-two districts within five agroclimatic zones of Punjab, India. 
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Methods: Classical parasitological coprological techniques were employed to confirm the endemic nature of gastrointestinal parasitism, assess infection intensity (EPG) and determine risk factors across all agroclimatic zones of Punjab, India. 
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Result: An alarming overall copro-prevalence of 83.46% was recorded (85.60% in sheep; 82.40% in goats). Dual infections (38.47%) were significantly higher (c&sup2;: 270.044, P&lt;0.01) than single (21.87%) and multiple infections (22.23%), highlighting polyparasitism as a critical health challenge. Quantitative assessment indicated 36.72% mild (EPG 100-1000), 23.47% light (EPG 1000-3000), 3.16% moderate (EPG 3000-4000) and 6.75% heavy infections (mean EPG &gt;4000). Females and adult ruminants (&gt;6 months) were at significantly higher risk (c2: 8.653, P&lt;0.01). Highest prevalence was in the central plain zone (86.30%) and lowest in the western plain zone (73.43%). Binary logistic regression indicated significant association (P&lt;0.01) in Barnala, Ludhiana, Moga, SAS Nagar, Mohali and Sangrur districts. The findings underscore the urgent need for targeted control programs, particularly in the southern regions of Punjab. Detailed spatial distribution maps of these cases to serve as a vital resource for veterinary practitioners and policymakers are presented.

Evaluation of in vivo Anthelmintic Efficacy of Ethanolic Extract of Butea frondosa Seed against GI Parasites in Goats

Spatial Epidemiology and Risk Assessment of Gastrointestinal Parasitism in Small Ruminants Across Agroclimatic Zones of Punjab, India