<div style="text-align: justify;">On 11 March 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the coronavirus pandemic: the Sars-Cov-2 virus (COVID-19) is a threat to the population&rsquo;s health. A positive correlation has been observed between the spread of the virus and air pollution, which is one of the greatest challenges of our millennium. COVID-19 could have an air transmission and atmospheric particulate matter could create a suitable environment for transporting the virus at greater distances than those considered for close contact. Smog is formed when pollutants like nitrogen oxide, carbon monoxide and volatile organic compounds that are released from automobiles, industries and burning of rice crop residues (parali) and fossil fuels interact with sunlight (WHO, 2016). In this context, COVID-19 could also have an airborne transmission and particulate matter (PM 10 and PM 2.5 which is Fine particulates of 2.5 micrometer or 10 micrometer less are also among the pollutants found in smog and haze) could act as a carrier through the aerosol, conveying the virus and increasing its spread. It prove a direct correlation between current high air pollution levels and incidence of COVID-19, high pollution levels might also increase the risk of contracting COVID-19. One of the most pressing and urgent problems &nbsp;is that polluted air can severely endanger human health and life. Individual residents who are affected &nbsp;by smog pollution can often do very little to prevent it, but they can apply adaptive and protective &nbsp;measures to reduce &nbsp;their risk. Elderly and people experiencing any cardiac or respiratory illness are more prone to harmful effects of smog (Sierra Vargas et al., 2012). These measures are minimal exposure to outdoor air but if exposure is inescapable than a facemask should be worn. Those people who are affected with cardio-vascular disease and its allied patients should increase the dosage of medication on their physician&rsquo;s advice to prevent worsening of disease. Supplements and food containing antioxidants like omega 3 fatty acids when added to diet may help against oxidative stress caused by pollutants (Xing et al., 2016). Therefore, it is crucial to minimize the negative effects of smog by wearing mask and reduced the environmental pollution by adopting eco-friendly products.</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">A Review on Fog and Smog: Impact, Mode of Action and Remedial Measures under COVID-19 Pandemics&nbsp;</div>

Background: During summer the environmental conditions exceeds beyond threshold limit, that enhances heat gain beyond that lost from the body and induces heat stress in cows. The higher temperature and heat stress increases respiration rate, rectal temperature and temperature humidity index, which affects health of the cows. The objective of the study was to create favourable environmental conditions to reduce heat stress and to improve the performance of the cows. 
 
Methods: The solar powered cooling system was developed and installed at Main Agriculture Research Station, University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur District of Karnataka. The functional components of the developed cooling system are foggers, timer-switch, solar panels, battery, water tank, charge controller and hosepipe. The solar panels act as an energy source for the operation pump and the 4-way fogger assembly provides the fogging of water and creates a healthy environment by reducing the air temperature. The system assessment was carried out with 3 levels of variables of foggers (6, 12 &amp; 18 foggers), height of fogger (2.25, 2.50 &amp; 2.75 m) and operational time interval (2, 4 &amp; 6 min). These were statistically analysed along with air temperature (AT), relative humidity (RH), and respiration rate (RR) were also measured. 
 
Result: The AT, RH and RR was significantly influenced by the treatment combinations of selected variables and it was found that reduction of 9.2 oC in AT and 49 % (29 breaths min-1) in RR and 47 % increase in RH (66 %) were recorded at 18 foggers at 2.75 m height with 4 min operational time interval. Thus, the developed cooling system was significant (P&lt;0.001) in creating optimum environmental conditions for the wellbeing of milch animals.

A Review on Fog and Smog: Impact, Mode of Action and Remedial Measures under COVID-19 Pandemics

Effect of Solar Powered Cooling System to Counteract Heat Stress in Stall Fed HF Deoni Crossbred Cows