<div>Background: Nano-emulsion formulation and ZnO-loaded nano-emulsion system was developed using the seed oil of Pongamia pinnata (L) to control the serious pest of cucurbit crops Aulocophora foveicollis Lucas. 
 
Methods: The formulations were prepared using high energy emulsification method (utrasonication) and were further characterized to determine the droplet size, polydispersity index, zeta potential using dynamic light scattering (DLS). Further, thermodynamic stress studies, viscosity, pH, UV- Visible spectroscopic analysis, TEM, ATR-FTIR analysis were carried out to evaluate the stability of nano-emulsion formulations. The efficacy of the prepared formulations is tested against the target pest (red pumpkin beetle) in vitro. 
 
Result: The results of characterization confirm the stability of nano-emulsion systems. The insecticidal efficacy of ZnO-loaded nano-emulsion system showed highest mortality (73.31%) and LC50&nbsp;value was found to be 11.24% v/v. These results suggests that the formulated nano-emulsion system from the seed oil of pongamia holds potential to reduce the reliance on synthetic pesticides and offer environmentally sustainable alternative for the control of the insect pest.</div>

In-vitro Assessment and Characterization of Pongamia Seed Oil-based Nano-Emulsion and ZnO Nano-formulations as Environmentally Sustainable Alternatives for the Control of Aulocophora foveicollis Lucas (Coleoptera-Chrysomelidae)

Background: Present study investigated the occurrence of cataract in dogs presented to the Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex (TVCC) and Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology under Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar during a period of four months. During the study period, a total number of 3847 canine cases were registered at TVCC, out of which 23 cases registered under the RKVY project for different types of ophthalmic affections. There were only eight canine cataract cases with overall prevalence of 0.2% among total canines presented to TVCC and 34.78% of total canines presented with some sort<s>s</s> of ophthalmic affections.

Methods: Menace reflex, pupillary light reflex, maze test, obstacle test, catoptrics test, Schirmer&rsquo;s tear test (STT), Schiotz tonometry, Slit lamp bio microscopy and fundus examination -using indirect ophthalmoscope (IO) and fundus camera, were carried out in all the cases studied.

Result: Occurrence of cataract was higher in Spitz (50%). Males had more incidences (62.5%) of cataract. The ages of the dogs were less than 10 years. B mode ultra-sonographic (USG) examination revealed increased echogenecity of lens in all cataract affected dogs while corneal opacification was found in two cases. Cataract was extracted by phaco-emulsification in three dogs and by small incision cataract surgery (SICS) technique in one dog.

In-vitro Assessment and Characterization of Pongamia Seed Oil-based Nano-Emulsion and ZnO Nano-formulations as Environmentally Sustainable Alternatives for the Control of Aulocophora foveicollis Lucas (Coleoptera-Chrysomelidae)

Study of Occurrence of Cataract and their Surgical Management in Dogs