<p style="text-align: justify;">Out of 428 faecal 178 (41.59%) animals were found positive for Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in the bovine faeces in modified Ziehl-Neelsen (mZN) staining and/ or commercial plate and dipstick- enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits (Cypress diagnostics, Langdorp, Belgium) with statistically non-significant difference in the occurrence rate in cattle and buffalo calves. Seasonal prevalence difference was statistically significant in cattle calves while non-significant in buffalo calves, respectively. The highest overall prevalence was recorded during rainy season (45.15%) and almost same per cent during winter and summer. Prevalence of 67.26, 37.11, 30 and 17.65% was recorded in calves aged below 1 month, 1-3 months, 4-8 months and 9-12 months, respectively (p&lt;0.05). There was no significant difference in the age group prevalence between cattle and buffalo calves. Both sexes of bovines are equally susceptible to the cryptosporidiosis (p&gt;0.05). The prevalence of cryptosporidiosis was 59.54 and 29.41% for diarrhoeic and non-diarrhoeic samples, respectively (p&lt;0.05). Both diarrhoeic and non-diarrhoeic groups of calves aged between 1-30 days were equally susceptible to the infection of Cryptosporidium spp. Almost same per cent prevalence of the infection was observed in dairy calves reared in organized (40.76%) and unorganized farms (42.21%) and the difference was non-significant in both cattle and buffalo calves. Highest prevalence of cryptosporidiosis was found in HF cross calves. The tests failed to detect the oocysts in infected soil samples. There was highly significant difference in the prevalence of cryptosporidiosis estimated by plate/ dipstick-ELISA and mZN staining with highest sensitivity and specificity in plate-ELISA.&nbsp;</p>


<p>Comparative evaluation of conventional staining method and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay kits for the detection of bovine cryptosporidiosis<br />
&nbsp;</p>


<div style="text-align:justify">Mycotoxins (aflatoxins) present in foods are serious health problems to consumers as they are highly toxic. The presence of high levels of AFM1 (aflatoxin) is an alarming issue in milk. So, the need of the hour is the development of a fast and reliable screening method for detecting trace aflatoxins in food. The analytical methods like HPLC and MS which have been used for aflatoxin detection are expensive, time-consuming and require many skills. Novel methods have been come up with high sensitivity, simplicity and capability of onsite monitoring which includes enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), immunosensors and lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA), <em>etc.</em> This paper reviews the techniques and methods used for the detection of aflatoxins in milk. Rapid technologies provide greater efficiency and sensitivity compared to conventional methods.</div>


Comparative evaluation of conventional staining method and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay kits for the detection of bovine cryptosporidiosis

Techniques used for Detection of Aflatoxins in Milk: A Review