<div>Background:&nbsp;Vaccination is the most fundamental strategy in the control and eradication of brucellosis. Several vaccination programs with different vaccines have been carried out in many countries in which brucellosis continues to be a problem in livestock. One of the recommended vaccines against brucellosis in cattle is the live Brucella abortus S19 vaccine. The aim of this study is to evaluate the results of field safety and efficacy trials for the conjunctival Brucella abortus S19 vaccine prior to the mass vaccination program. 
 
Methods:&nbsp;In this study, 81 female cattle were vaccinated with a reduced dose of Brucella abortus S19 vaccine with the conjunctival route. The immune response after vaccination was investigated by suggested serological tests; namely, Rose Bengal Plate Test, Serum Agglutination Test and Complement Fixation Test.&nbsp; 
 
Result: No adverse effect was observed within the scope of safety. Isolation of vaccine strain was observed only in a milk sample of lactating animals. Excluding the diagnosis criteria of the serological tests, humoral immune response was observed in most of the animals by all the serological tests one month after vaccination. Antibody levels lasted approximately 4 months after vaccination. In conclusion, the results of this study demonstrated that besides vaccine-induced antibodies, the vaccine including changes in dose and administration way in this study did not cause any significant risks for the target animals.</div>

Investigating Field Efficacy and Safety of Conjunctival Brucella abortus S19 Vaccine in Cattle

Background: Canine distemper (CD) is an important fatal viral disease of dogs worldwide. Subclinical infections are common in CD and they delay the diagnosis as well as the commencement of symptomatic treatment. 
 
Methods: With the aim of early diagnosis, dogs which were brought to Infectious Disease Unit, Madras Veterinary College from April 2021 to November 2022 with the symptoms of CD used for the present study. Conjunctival (30), nasal (30) and genital (30) swabs were collected from 30 dogs that displayed signs of Canine Distemper, producing a total of 90 samples. All samples were subjected to both Nested Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (nRT-PCR) and Direct Fluorescent Antibody Test (DFAT) simultaneously. 
 
Result: Both tests showed concurrence in diagnosing CD with 81.11% (73 out of 90 samples). The Kappa value of 0.57 revealed that there was a moderate agreement between the results of nRT-PCR and DFAT. Moreover, nRT-PCR is expensive and time consuming compared to DFAT and the latter is economical and requires only 2 hours for results. Hence, DFAT could be considered as a rapid-point of care test for initial screening purpose as well as to avoid unnecessary euthanasia of dogs with non-infectious respiratory and nervous signs. 
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Direct Fluorescent Antibody Test (DFAT) as A Rapid-Point of Care Test for the Intra-vitam Diagnosis of Canine Distemper

Background: Traumatic reticuloperitonitis (TRP) is a frequently observed disorder in the forestomach of bovines, resulting from the ingestion of sharp metallic foreign bodies during feeding due to their indiscriminate eating habits. Under field conditions, distinguishing this disease from other forestomach disorders becomes challenging because of the overlapping clinical signs that are shared by them. The current study aimed to assess clinical, radiological, ultrasonographic, hematological and peritoneal fluid changes to facilitate accurate and early diagnosis along with suitable treatment. 
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Methods: A total 31 cases of TRP were recorded in the present study period from January 2023-December 2023. The affected animals underwent clinical, ferroscopic, radiographic, ultrasonographic, haematological and peritoneal fluid analysis for the diagnostic purpose which were later managed surgically by standing left laparorumenotomy. 
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Result: Majority of the affected animals displayed bloat, congested conjunctival mucous membrane, fever, cachexia, grunting and refusal to sit down. Out of the total of 31 animals, 27 tested positive for ferroscopy and 22 animals had at least one visible metallic foreign body on radiographs in the reticulum. Ultrasonographic examination revealed distinctive findings, including an increase in reticular thickness, elevated peritoneal fluid levels and the presence of echogenic deposits. Changes in peritoneal fluid characteristics included alteration of color, elevated total protein levels (&gt;2.5 g/dL) and increased total nucleated cell counts (cells/&micro;L). Hematological analysis indicated that most affected animals showed leucocytosis, neutrophilia and lymphopenia, which returned to normal physiological ranges post-operatively.

Clinical, Haematological, Radiographic, Ultrasonographic and Surgical Findings in Bovine Affected with Traumatic Reticulo-peritonitis

<div>Background: Equine piroplasmosis is a haemoprtozoan disease of equids and enzootic in Rajasthan prefecture of India. In endemic areas, the subclinical condition is more common, as infected equids recover from the disease and become latently infected. This study aimed to investigate the seroepidemiology and risk factors associated with the endemicity of Theileria equi infection in Rajasthan state.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: A cross-sectional study on the seroprevalence of Theileria equi, was performed. Total of 151 serum samples collected from different areas of Rajasthan. The serum samples were screened by ELISA for assessment of seroprevalence of T. equi infection. 
 
Result: Overall seroprevalence of T. equi was 49.66%. A total of 75 T. equi seropositive horses were detected and one horse was clinically positive for T. equi infection. The clinical signs observed were - fever, haemoglobinuria, mild colic, anaemia and icteric conjunctival mucous membrane. Theileria equi infection is endemic among horses in Rajasthan state and Ajmer district found the most endemic. Haematological observations in T. equi clinically infected and healthy horses were studies. A decreased haemoglobin concentration, packed cell volume, total erythrocytic counts were observed in T. equi infected horse in comparison to healthy horses. This observation showed anaemic condition in T. equi clinically infected equine. An increased concentration of liver enzymes &ndash; AST, ALP, GGT in T. equi infected equine was also recorded, which indicated the liver damage.</div>

<div>Seroprevalence and Risk Factor Associated with Endemicity of Theileria equi Infection in Horses in Rajasthan State, India</div>

<div>Background: FAffaMAlanCHArt (FAMACHA) is a technique for treating the animals infested with gastrointestinal parasites by using clinical anaemia as the determinant. The test is based on the assessment of colour variation of the conjunctival mucous membrane.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: In the present study FAMACHA has been standardized and used to correlate the anaemic status of goats with faecal egg count (gastro intestinal parasites) and blood profile. On the basis of FAMACHA score and faecal egg count, the goats were treated with benzimidazole compound and macrocyclic lactone.&nbsp;&nbsp; 
 
Result: The result indicated significant (P&lt;0.05) reduction in the faecal egg count of Haemonchus spp from 1200&plusmn;155.76 to 525&plusmn;75, Strongyloides spp from 469.57&plusmn;77.37 to 78.26&plusmn;33.83 and Eimeria spp from 900&plusmn;240.05 to 195.65&plusmn;55.34 respectively. FAMACHA score of anaemic goats improved from 4.08&plusmn;0.11 to 3.2&plusmn;0.13. Mean haemoglobin (g/dl), packed cell volume (PCV), red blood cell (RBC) and white blood cell (WBC) improved from 8.33 to 8.99, 22.66 to 24.86, 13.73 to 14.76 and 18029 to 19894, respectively which indicated clinical improvement. Highly significant (P&lt;0.01) correlation was observed between the FAMACHA score and the haemoglobin level. It could be concluded that FAMACHA is a very handy tool to detect anaemic status of the animals and correlate with gastrointestinal parasitic load.</div>

Use of FAMACHA to Detect Anaemia and Control of Gastrointestinal Parasite in Goats of A and N Islands, India

Background: Infectious keratoconjunctivitis is a significant problem causing a greater level of economic losses in production animals. The affected animals show progressive cloudiness of eye, severe congestion of ocular mucous membrane with inflammation of cornea, ocular discharges vary from serous to purulent and causes temporary or permanent blindness in affected animals.

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Methods: A total number of 238 conjunctival swabs were collected from the suspected cases (93 sheep, 98 goats and 47 cattle) of different age groups in both symptomatic and asymptomatic animals during the period of 2021-2023 (both winter and summer season in livestock farms of Tamil Nadu, SBRS &ndash;Ooty, PGRIS-Katuakkam, Tirvananamalai, Sheep Research Station-Potaneri, Tiruvallur district). The samples were subjected to bacterial isolation and identification. The bacterial organism isolated from the swabs were characterized by cultural, biochemical and molecular tests. 
&nbsp; 
Result: The Moraxella species was successfully isolated from 9 animals (N=5 in cattle and N=4 in sheep). In addition to this Staphylococcus and Klebsiella, (N=34), Streptococcus (N=10), Pseudomonas (N=8) and concurrent infection of Tricophyton verrocosum, Aspergillus. The genomic DNA was extracted from positive culture of morexalla and PCR amplification was performed with specific primers. The amplified PCR product were subjected to partial gene sequencing which showed 99% homology with other, Morexalla bovis isolates. Antimicrobial sensitivity test of the isolates revealed that Moraxella was sensitive towards Chloramphenicol (100%), Ciprofloxacin (100%), Gentamicin (100%), Tylosin (100%) and sensitive to Oxytetracycline (80%), Endrofloxacin (80%), Gatifloxacin (80%) and&nbsp; Metronidazole (70%). All tested isolates were resistant to Norfloxacin, Vancomycin, Ampicillin /Sulbactam, Methicillin and Sulphadiazine.

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Molecular Confirmation of Moraxella Bovis Associated Infectious Keratoconjunctivitis in Ruminants

<div>Background: The agro-climatic condition of Assam is suitable for duck rearing. Duck rearing contributes a major part to uplift the socio-economic condition of the rural poor people of Assam as well as others states located in the coastal regions of India. The Pati duck (Anasplatyrhynchos domesticus) population constitutes a major indigenous non-descript economically important duck variety in the state of Assam. The Harderian gland acts as a part of the Head Associated Lymphoid Tissue (HALT) <a href="#olah_1992">Olah et al. (1992)</a> and provides local innate immunity to the upper respiratory system, to the eye and oral cavity. Since literature on the postnatal development of Harderian gland of Pati duck is scant, hence the present study was designed to establish the basic anatomical details on Harderian gland at different stages of postnatal development of Pati duck of Assam.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: The present study was conducted on total forty five (45) numbers Pati duck of Assam at different stages of postnatal development. The experimental birds were brought to the Department of Anatomy and Histology, College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara, Guwahati-22 and was sacrificed according to the method of <a href="#gracy_1986">Gracy (1986)</a>. After slaughter, the birds were placed on a clean dissecting table and skin and fascia were reflected carefully without disturbing the other organs of the head region. The Harderian gland was collected by opening the orbital cavity. Thereafter, length, breadth and thickness of the Harderian gland of all age group were recorded with the help of the Vernier Callipers <a href="#mcCance_1974">(McCance, 1974)</a> and topographical location of the gland was observed. The weight of the Harderian gland of all age group was also recorded with the help of electronic balance.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The Harderian gland of Pati duck (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus) was located &nbsp;within the orbit. The gland was flat, oval and coma shaped with irregular border. The gland had two surfaces i.e. the parietal and visceral surfaces, two borders and two blunt poles. The parietal surface was found convex and attached to fascia covered by the nasal bones and interorbital septa. The visceral surface was concave and it was attached loosely to the eye ball with fascia. The lobes of the Harderian gland became more prominent with the advancement of the age. The gland was light pink in colour. The arterial blood and the venus drainage was by provided by the ophthalmic artery and vein, respectively. The slender branch of oculomotor nerve innervated the Harderian gland. The result reflected an ascending trend from 0 week age group to 42 week age group in regard to all the gross parameters. There were slight difference between left and right glands for all the gross parameters but such variations were not statistically significant (P&gt;0.05). Each lobe of the Harderian Gland of Pati duck (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus) had a single short duct which opened into the conjunctival sac at the base of the 3rd eyelid.&nbsp;</div>

Investigating Field Efficacy and Safety of Conjunctival Brucella abortus S19 Vaccine in Cattle

Direct Fluorescent Antibody Test (DFAT) as A Rapid-Point of Care Test for the Intra-vitam Diagnosis of Canine Distemper

Clinical, Haematological, Radiographic, Ultrasonographic and Surgical Findings in Bovine Affected with Traumatic Reticulo-peritonitis

Seroprevalence and Risk Factor Associated with Endemicity of Theileria equi Infection in Horses in Rajasthan State, India

Use of FAMACHA to Detect Anaemia and Control of Gastrointestinal Parasite in Goats of A and N Islands, India

Molecular Confirmation of Moraxella Bovis Associated Infectious Keratoconjunctivitis in Ruminants

Post Natal Gross Anatomical Studies on the Harderian Gland of Pati Duck (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus) of Assam