Background: The aim of this experiment was to investigate the differences in subcutaneous fat metabolism expression in yaks under natural grazing and housed feeding conditions in the cold season. Eighteen 18-month-old yaks with similar body weights and non-significant differences in dorsal subcutaneous fat were randomly divided into three groups.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: One group (G18_SF) of yaks was selected for slaughter at the beginning of the experiment (October), one group continued to graze for 6 months and then slaughtered (G24_SF) and one group was housed for 6 months and then slaughtered (F24_SF) and subcutaneous dorsal fat of the three groups was collected for metabolomic analysis, screening of differential metabolites and enrichment of KEGG pathway. 
 
Result: In this experiment, 110 differential metabolites were detected in G24_SF vs F24_SF and 83 metabolites were screened for down-regulation and 27 metabolites were up-regulated and the differential metabolites were mainly enriched in Alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism, Arachidonic acid metabolism and D-Glutamine and D-glutamate metabolism pathways. Ninety-seven differential metabolites were detected in G18_SF vs G24_SF and 41 metabolites were screened for down-regulation and 56 metabolites were screened for up-regulation, with the two groups of differential metabolites mainly enriched in Alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism, Caffeine metabolism and Starch and sucrose metabolism pathways. The results of this experiment revealed the information of differential metabolites and enrichment pathways of yak fat in different feeding methods and different months of age and laid the foundation for further in-depth study of subcutaneous fat deposition in yaks.

Lipid Metabolomics Reveals Metabolic Responses of Subcutaneous Fat in Yaks under Different Feeding Conditions during the Cold Season

<div>Background: Production of microbial enzymes at the industrial scale and their commercialization has attained a lot of value and public focus. Usage of micro organisms as bio-reactors begins due to the evolution of enzymes produced by microorganisms. There are so many industrially significant enzymes are&nbsp; originated from microbes, that include pectinases, lipases, amylases, proteases, xylynases etc. 
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Methods: The actual work involved the use of microbes isolated from the decaying orange peel and tomato pulp for the extraction of the pectinase enzyme. The organisms were isolated and screened from the samples and were cultured onto pectin agar plate. Morphological and microscopic identification revealed that the bacteria isolated was Bacillus sp. Pectinase production media was later used for the lab scale production of pectinase enzyme by inoculating the bacteria and incubating for 48 hours. The enzyme thus produced was purified by Various methods. The pectinase enzymes isolated from bacillus sp. were used for improvement of tea leaves quality and clarification. The enzymes were characterized and purified. 
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Results: The outcome of both purified pectinase enzymes and crude enzyme preparation on the improvement of tea extracts were determined in terms of flavanoids (310mg/gm), DPPH (49mg/gm), caffeine content (0.56-0.95), moisture content (7.2-6.7%), ash (4.1-4.6%), total phenol content (285mg/gm), and pH(6) and the shelf life analysis of the tea produced. The results thus obtained can conclude that the use of Bacillus sp. in the industrial production of pectinase is highly beneficial. According to the findings obtained from the study the enzyme treated tea extract improves its various quality parameters than the tea extracts which is non enzyme treated. And the utilization of microbial pectinase produced from bio-waste were most cost effective and yield good results for industrial use.</div>

Lipid Metabolomics Reveals Metabolic Responses of Subcutaneous Fat in Yaks under Different Feeding Conditions during the Cold Season

Isolation of Pectinolytic Bacteria from Decayed Orange Peel (Citrus sinensis) in Clarification of Tea Extract