Background: There is no gold standard to evaluate postoperative pain in animals. The study was conducted to evaluate haematobiochemical changes following intraperitoneal bupivacaine and bupivacaine-dexmedetomidine in dogs.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Eighteen clinical cases of dogs requiring laparotomy were randomly divided into three groups viz. Group-B, BD and N comprising of six dogs in each. The animals were premedicated with glycopyrrolate, meloxicam and diazepam. Anaesthetic induction and maintenance was done by using propofol. Intraperitoneally bupivacaine, bupivacaine-dexmedetomidine and normal saline were infused in the three groups. The blood samples were collected prior to pre-medication at 0 min (base line), 30 min (after induction), 2 hrs and 24 hrs interval after intraperitoneal administration of drugs for estimation of haematobiochemical parameters.&nbsp;&nbsp; 
 
Result: The bupivacaine and dexmedetomidine combination reduces the serum glucose and cortisol level which might be indicative of lowered pain response.

​Haematobiochemical Changes during Pain Management with Intraperitoneal Bupivacaine and Bupivacaine-dexmedetomidine in Dogs

<div style="text-align: justify;">This study examined the changes in skeletal muscle contraction parameters after the injection of bupivacaine into the gastrocnemius muscle in diabetic rats. Forty male Wistar albino rats (230&ndash;270 g) were divided into four groups: Group I: Untreated healthy control; Group II: Healthy injected with Bupivacaine; Group III: Diabetic control; Group IV: Diabetic injected with bupivacaine. The diabetes was induced with streptozotocin in 0.1 M citrate buffer (pH 4.5) injection at 45 mg/kg in tail vein. On 7th day of streptozotocin injection, the rats in groups II and IV were injected with 0.25% bupivacaine at 8 mg/kg body weight into the gastrocnemius muscle. &nbsp;Three weeks post bupivacaine application, the animals were sacrificed and right leg gastrocnemius muscle was isolated for studying various parameters such as muscle twitch, tetanic force, contraction and relaxation time, and maximum contraction and relaxation rates. The blood glucose estimation showed that the rats in group III and IV developed diabetes at two days after administration of streptozotocin. The administration of bupivacaine resulted in a significant (p&lt;0.05) increase in the muscle twitch parameters both in Group II and Group IV. Thus, bupivacaine can increase muscle contractility in diabetic muscles also.</div>

​Haematobiochemical Changes during Pain Management with Intraperitoneal Bupivacaine and Bupivacaine-dexmedetomidine in Dogs

The effect of bupivacaine on gastrocnemius muscle contractility in rats with diabetes

Haematobiochemical Changes during Pain Management with Intraperitoneal Bupivacaine and Bupivacaine-dexmedetomidine in Dogs