<div>Microbes are associated inside and outside tissue parts of producers like plants, lichen, algae and phototrophic bacteria. Biofertilizer bacteria, fungi, algae and protozoa provide the suitable environment condition, nutrition constituents and inhibit harmful microorganism from rhizosphere zone. Biofertilizer and biocontrol microbes play key roles for improved soil texture, secreting, hormones, antibiotics and various stress signal compounds, enhancement plant parts elongation and prevent pathogen microbial population. Plant growth promotion rhizosphere microorganisms can improve crop tolerance for the non- living stresses such as drought, heat and salinity and living stress such as soil borne pathogens, over load of the microbial population liable to turn out to be more incessant as various atmosphere design keep on creating. Plant disease major issue for loss of productivity and unsafe for living organism due to chemical pesticides, insecticides, fungicides, bactericides and chemical fertilizer. Due to its high potential as an alternative/complement to these pesticides, biological disease control is now generally recognized and constitutes a low cost-efficient eco-friendly biofertilizer, biocontrol, biopesticide and bioinsecticide.</div>

Promoting Rhizosphere Microorganisms and Biopesticides: A Review

<div>Background: Papaya leaves produce several metabolites that may be toxic to an insect pest. In East Java, it is easy to find two cultivars in the yard, plantation, and moors, such as Thailand and local papaya. However, information about their utilization as bio-pesticides remains limited. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between those papaya cultivars and the effect of their extracts on Spodoptera litura larvae. 
 
Methods: The Thailand papaya cultivar (TPC) and Indonesian papaya cultivar (IPC) leaves were obtained from the medium and lowlands and were macerated with methanol until obtained a papaya leaves extract (PLE). The S. litura larvae on the instar phase 2 (n= 630) were used for treatment. The Ricinus communis leaves were sprayed with PLE concentrations of 0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50% and fed to S. litura larvae.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Based on the secondary metabolites, the papaya cultivars form two clusters associated with its origin. The 40 and 50% concentrations of PLE significantly affect the mortality and head-capsule width of S. litura indicated with broken pupae and failure to transform to imago. This result signifies the potential of papaya leaves extract as bioinsecticide for S. litura larvae.</div>

The Bio-Insecticidal Activity of Papaya (Carica papaya L.) Leaves Extract against Spodoptera litura Fabr. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Larval Growth

Background: Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is widely recognized as a safe and effective bioinsecticide, with Cry toxins targeting pests of various insect orders. The present study focuses on the modeling and validation of the Cry3Aa protein (deduced amino acid sequence of cry3Aa gene cloned from native Bt isolate, T121) and its interaction with midgut receptor proteins (ADAM10 and APN).&nbsp; 
 
Methods: The three-dimensional structures of Cry3Aa protein and the midgut receptors ADAM10 and APN were predicted using the SWISS model server. Functional domain analysis of Cry3Aa revealed three distinct domains: N-terminal (Domain I), Central (Domain II) and C-terminal (Domain III), providing insights into their structural organization. The predicted models of Cry3Aa, ADAM10 and APN were validated using the Ramachandran plot which demonstrated structural integrity.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Primary structure analysis of Cry3Aa revealed a 652 amino acid protein with a theoretical isoelectric point of 5.59, a molecular weight of 74 kDa and stable characteristics. Protein-protein docking analysis using ClusPro 2.0 showed that Cry3Aa exhibited higher level of interaction with the ADAM10 receptor than with the APN receptor. The Cry3Aa-ADAM10 docked complex demonstrated 23 hydrogen bonds, reasoning for its stability and binding affinity. These findings revealed that the Cry3Aa protein has a strong affinity against coleopteran specific midgut receptors and hence Cry3Aa has a potential to be an effective coleopteran specific insecticidal protein.

Promoting Rhizosphere Microorganisms and Biopesticides: A Review

The Bio-Insecticidal Activity of Papaya (Carica papaya L.) Leaves Extract against Spodoptera litura Fabr. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Larval Growth

In silico Analysis and Molecular Docking of Cry3Aa Toxin with Coleopteran Specific Midgut Receptor of ADAM10/APN Receptors