<div><strong>Background:</strong> Goat husbandry has been playing an important role in the economy of our country with special reference to milk, meat, manure and hide production. Bakerwali goat constitutes about 50% of the total goat population of J&amp;K. The liver is an extremely important organ in the body of mammals performing numerous functions. The liver is much heavier in young animals than older animals as it atrophies with age. The present study has been planned to record the micrometrical data about the liver of Bakerwali goat during different age groups.<br />
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<strong>Methods</strong>: Liver samples were collected from slaughter houses of Nagrota in and around Jammu city of UT of J&amp;K during 2019-20.&nbsp;The samples were divided into young (below 1 year), adult (2-3 years) and senile (4 years and above) as per the dentition of the goats.&nbsp; Six samples from each age group were collected. The micrometrical observations were recorded on H and E stained sections with the help of an ocular micrometer duly calibrated with stage micrometer.<br />
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<strong>Result:</strong> The capsule showed maximum thickness in adults followed by the young and senile age group. The maximum thickness of the capsule was seen at upper part of main lobe (UPOML) in the liver of young and adult whereas, in the senile group, the maximum thickness was seen at middle part of main lobe (MPOML). The diameter of the central vein showed the highest values in adults, followed by young and senile probably due to increased liver functions in adult. The mean values of length of hepatocytes ranged between 13.50 to 22.50 &micro;m in all regions of the liver of irrespective of age groups. The mean values showed higher values in adult and senile age groups. The nuclear diameter of the hepatocytes ranged between 9.00 to 13.50 &micro;m with mean values varying between 9.72&plusmn;0.58 to 10.05&plusmn;0.50 &micro;m in all the three age groups. The maximum number of portal triads per field was seen at ventral part of main lobe (VPOML) in the senile group whereas the minimum number was observed at MPOML in the young group. In general, several portal triads per field were highest in the senile group followed by adult and young.</div>


<p>Gerontological Studies on the Micrometry of Liver of Bakerwali Goat</p>


<div><strong>Background: </strong>The diversity of different climatic conditions and altitudes of UTs of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh (erstwhile J&amp;K state) has given rise to differential adaptive mechanisms that enable goats to cope effectively with a variety of stressful environmental conditions. Jammu city (with an altitude of 327m to 412 m), like the rest of north-western India, features a&nbsp;humid subtropical climate. Ladakh is the dry temperate region and the highest plateau in the state of&nbsp;Jammu and Kashmir&nbsp;with much of it ranging from 3,000&nbsp;m (9,800&nbsp;ft) to 5,000&ndash;5,500&nbsp;m (16,000&ndash;18,050&nbsp;ft). There has been no systemic study on the probable comparative variation in micrometry of lungs in high altitude Pashmina goats of Ladakh and migratory Bakerwali and non-descript goats of Jammu and Kashmir, which live in regions with varied altitudes. Respiratory system plays a vital role in exchange of oxygen, olfaction, phonation and thermoregulation of the body. No literature on the comparative micrometry of the lungs in these three goat populations was found and such paucity of available literature prompted this present study.<br />
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<strong>Methods: </strong>The work was done in the lung samples of adult Pashmina, Bakerwali and non-descript goats (N=10 each) collected from slaughter houses of UT of Ladakh and in and around Jammu city of UT of J&amp;K. The representative tissue samples from lungs of all the goats were preserved in 10% Neutral Buffered Formalin (NBF) solution, processed for paraffin block preparation, tissue sections of 5 mm thickness were obtained and stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin to record various micrometrical parameters.<br />
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<strong>Results: </strong>Our study revealed that significantly largest alveolar diameter and thinnest inter alveolar septal thickness was recorded in Pashmina goats followed by Bakerwali and non-descript goats. This might be due to the adaptive morphological phenomenon of the Pashmina goats which are natural habitants of high altitudes of the Himalayan regions for better utilization of the oxygen in hypoxic conditions.</div>


<div>Comparative Micrometrical Studies on the Lungs of Pashmina, Bakerwali and Non-descript Goats of the Union Territories of Jammu &amp; Kashmir and Ladakh</div>
