Background: Propofol is intravenous short acting general anaesthetic most popular drug for induction and maintenance of anaesthesia in veterinary practice due to its rapid induction and smooth recovery. However, as sole general anaesthetic, it is unsatisfactory because of its poor analgesic property and causing hypotension and apnoea. Therefore, it commonly used in combination with opioid or alpha 2 agonist to minimize the untoward effects. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the sedative, analgesic and anaesthetic efficacy of propofol in combination with butorphanol, dexmedetomidine or acepromazine premedication in dogs. 
 
Methods: The present study was conducted on 18 healthy adult dogs of either sex and randomly divided into three groups (ButP, DexP and AceP) with six animals in each. Glycopyrrolate @ 0.02 mg/kg was administered intramuscularly 10 minutes prior to the anaesthetic administration in all the dogs. The animals of group ButP, DexP and AceP were premedicated intramuscularly with butorphanol @ 0.3 mg/kg b.wt., dexmedetomidine @ 10 &micro;g/kg b.wt. and acepromazine @ 0.4 mg/kg b.wt. respectively. Ten minutes later propofol was injected intravenously at a dose of 7 mg/kg b.wt. to induce general anesthesia. The following clinical parameters were recorded viz., onset of sedation, onset of anaesthesia, degree of analgesia, extent of muscle relaxation, duration of anaesthesia and complete recovery. All the data were analyzed using SPSS v 25.0 statistics software program and presented as mean&plusmn;Standard Error. 
 
Result: The onset of sedation and induction of anaesthesia was earlier in group DexP followed by AceP and ButP. Group DexP exhibited significantly (P&lt;0.05) longer duration of anaesthesia and complete recovery than groups ButP and AceP. All the groups had excellent analgesia; however animals of group DexP showed longer duration of analgesia. All the reflexes were abolished completely with longer duration of muscle relaxation in group DexP. The above anaesthetic study suggests that propofol in combination with dexmedetomidine; butorphanol or acepromazine can be safely used for inducing surgical anaesthesia in dogs. However, dexmedetomidine-propofol combination produced prolonged duration of anaesthesia with better quality suitable for long surgical procedure in dogs.

Sedative, Analgesic and Anaesthetic Evaluation of Propofol in Combination with Butorphanol, Dexmedetomidine and Acepromazine in Clinically Healthy Dogs

<div>Background:&nbsp;Nearly all anaesthetic agent decreases renal and hepatic blood flow, so anaesthetic agents should be selected properly in patients particularly with pre-existing renal and hepatic impairment. The present study conducted to evaluate the effect of acepromazine, midazolam and dexmedetomidine as pre-anaesthetic agent followed by induction with propofol and maintenance with isoflurane on kidney and liver function of client-owned female dogs undergoing elective ovariohysterectomy. 
 
Methods:&nbsp;Thirty-two clinically healthy female dogs were randomly divided into four groups with ten animals in the groups A and B and six animals in groups C and D for elective ovariohysterectomy. Animals were premedicated with acepromazine-butorphanol in group A, midazolam-butorphanol in group B, dexmedetomidine (I/M)- butorphanol in group C and dexmedetomidine (I/V)- butorphanol in group D. Animals in all four groups were induced (till effect) with propofol and maintained with isoflurane.&nbsp; 
 
Result: All the groups showed non-significant marginal decline in BUN and serum creatinine at 5 minutes after pre-medication. Serum AST and ALT were non-significant decreased in groups A and B and non-significant increase in groups C and D during observations. Serum albumin and globulin gradually but non-significantly decrease in group A after premedication to T20 during anesthesia with isoflurane, then gradually increase upto extubation, but values remained lower in comparison to base values.</div>

Sedative, Analgesic and Anaesthetic Evaluation of Propofol in Combination with Butorphanol, Dexmedetomidine and Acepromazine in Clinically Healthy Dogs

Effects of Anaesthetic Protocol on Kidney and Liver Function of Female Dogs undergoing Ovariohysterectomy