<div style="text-align:justify">Background: During a study on the outbreak of orf in goats, it was intended to study the disease transmissibility in different hosts from field samples and ascertain the infective potential of the agent in laboratory animals compared to goats. 
 
Methods: Cutaneous clinical materials from orf virus (ORFV) infected goats was used to experimentally infect naive goats, rabbits and mice and ascertain its infective potential and transmissibility in different hosts. The processed inoculum was applied topically to mimic a natural transmission through injured skin. Regular skin biopsies were taken that revealed characteristic macroscopic and microscopic lesions typical of orf. 
 
Result: Virus inoculum applied on abraded skin in goats successfully established the lesions of orf. A parallel inoculation in rabbit and mice could not successfully reproduce the disease in these unnatural hosts beyond a subtle vesicular stage on 3 dpi with subsequent healing by 7 dpi. The lesions in goats regressed spontaneously by 28 days post-infection (dpi). Intracytoplasmic inclusions were associated only in the vesicular stage. Immunopathological progression was observed by immunoperoxidase staining of CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells which were found to appear by day 5 in the dermis and became more abundant and distributed by day 8, but subsequently reduced in number by 15 dpi. CD4+ cells were found to be more numerous and widespread. Viral antigen in tissues could be demonstrated by 4 dpi by immunohistological methods that increased in signal intensity progressively and disappear by 28 dpi. Similarly, viral nucleic acid in the skin could be detected on day 8 dpi but not on 28 dpi by PCR. The present experiment depicts the ease of disease transmissibility through traumatized skin in the primary hosts, but establishment in unnatural hosts may not be readily achieved. The infection was self-limiting with possibly no virus latency as indicated by immunofluorescence and PCR studies.</div>

​Dermal Response to Experimental Orfvirus (ORFV) Infection in Goats, Mice and Rabbit

<div>Background: Verotoxin producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) such as O26, O103, O111, O145 and O157: H 7 are an important human zoonotic pathogen. Small ruminants such as goats are important reservoir of VTEC. The detection of VTEC and virulence genes in goats has not been studied in the Jabalpur region of Madhya Pradesh. The present study was carried out to determine the occurrence of verotoxin producing E. coli in goats in and around Jabalpur.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: During the study period (July 2019 to February 2020), a total of 50 rectal swabs were collected from diarrhoeic goats. All the samples were processed for bacteriological isolation, molecular confirmation of E. coli and presence of the VT1 gene in E. coli. 
 
Result:&nbsp;On cultural isolation,&nbsp;E. coli isolates were found in 52.00 per cent (26/50) samples. Out of them, 21 isolates confirmed as E. coli by PCR. Detection of verotoxin producing E. coli (VTEC) by slide agglutination test showed 20.00 per cent (10/50) verotoxin producing E. coli serogroups including O26, O103, O111, O145 and O157. A total of 10 VTEC isolates were subjected to molecular analysis, Polymerase chain reaction determined VT1 gene in 10.00 per cent of goats positive for verotoxin producing E. coli indicating the goats as a potential source for direct transmission of VTEC to humans.</div>

​Isolation and Molecular Characterization of Verotoxin Producing E. coli from Diarrhoeic Goats of Jabalpur Region

<div>Background: The present study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of Musa acuminate flower floret (MAFF) extract/chopped in goats with moderate rumen lactacidosis. 
 
Methods: Goats affected with moderate rumen lactacidosis (MRLA) were divided into three groups. TC (Control): Eight goats with moderate rumen lactacidosis were administered with magnesium oxide (@ 1g/kg PO) through stomach tube, T1: Twenty four goats with MRLA were administered with aqueous extract of MAFF (either @ 1 ml/kg, 2 ml/kg or 4 ml/kg - PO) and T2: Twenty four goats with MRLA were administered with chopped MAFF (either @1 g/kg, 2 g/kg or 4 g/kg - PO) continuously for 5 days. Proximate, mineral and phytochemical compositions of MAFF were assessed by using standard protocol. Rumen fluid examination, consisting of pH, total protozoal count and bacterial count was assessed in addition to haematology and serum biochemical examination before and after administration of MAFF. 
 
Result: Goats with MRLA treated using chopped MAFF orally @ 4 gm/kg body weight or crude extract of the MAFF orally @ 2 ml/kg, 4 ml/kg body weight continuously for 5 days had restoration of (P&lt;0.05) packed cell volume, increase in haemoglobin level, total protozoal count, gram negative bacterial count and rumen fluid pH and in serum PCO2 level (P&lt;0.05) to the levels comparable to healthy animals.</div>

​Dermal Response to Experimental Orfvirus (ORFV) Infection in Goats, Mice and Rabbit

​Isolation and Molecular Characterization of Verotoxin Producing E. coli from Diarrhoeic Goats of Jabalpur Region

Therapeutic Evaluation of Florets of Musa acuminate in the Management of Rumen Lactacidosis in Goats

Dermal Response to Experimental Orfvirus (ORFV) Infection in Goats, Mice and Rabbit

Isolation and Molecular Characterization of Verotoxin Producing E. coli from Diarrhoeic Goats of Jabalpur Region