Banner
Current IssueEditorial BoardOnline First ArticlesArchive
Current IssueEditorial BoardOnline First ArticlesArchive

Full Research Article

Silage Quality and Economic Efficiency Analysis of Hungarian Vetch (Vicia pannonica Crantz) and Oats (Avena sativa L.) Mixed at Different Ratios

A
Abdullah Eren1,*
E
Erdal Karadenız1
A
Aybüke Kaya2
1Department of Field Crops, Kiziltepe Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technologies, Mardin Artuklu University, Mardin-47200, Türkiye.
2Department of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay-31000, Türkiye.

  • Submitted29-06-2022|

  • Accepted09-08-2025|

  • First Online 15-09-2025|

  • doi 10.18805/LRF-707

ABSTRACT

Background: In this study, it was aimed to compare Hungarian vetch and oats mixed at different ratios not only in terms of silage quality but also in terms of their economic efficiency. “Anadolu Pembesi” Hungarian vetch variety and “Albatros” oat variety were used as plant material in the experiment. 

Methods: Research was carried out during the winter of 2020-2021 on a farmer field in the Kızıltepe district of Mardin province (Turkiye). In the study, 100% Hungarian vetch, 100% oat, 70% Hungarian vetch + 30% oat, 60% Hungarian vetch + 40% oat, 50% Hungarian vetch + 50% oat, 30% Hungarian vetch + 70% oat silages were tested. Besides silage quality, input-cost analysis and comparison in terms of economic efficiency were also made in the study.

Result: Ph value, dry matter, crude protein ratio, acid detergent insoluble fiber, neutral detergent insoluble fiber, digestible dry matter, dry matter consumption, relative feed value and lactic acid ratio varied between 3.88-4.11; 25.02-29.24%; 12.17-19.64%; 31.34-40.24%; 45.27-55.14%; 57.55-64.49%; 2.18-2.65%; 97.15-132.58 and 1.82%-2.38%, respectively. When all the features are evaulated together, 70% Hungarian vetch + 30% oat silage mixture was recommended due to high crude protein ratio, high relative feed value and lactic acid ratio in between low acid detergent insoluble fiber and neutral detergent insoluble fiber ratios. On the other hand, 50% HVS + 50% OS and 60% HVS + 40% OS mixtures stand out as balanced options in terms of both economic gain and quality. This ratio represents the economic optimum point in roughage production and offers an important alternative in the creation of sustainable feed resources.

INTRODUCTION

In semi-arid regions of the world, livestock productivity is constrained by forage availability (Ibrahim et al., 2014). In summer, there is some residual dry standing pasture available, but the quality of the forage is only moderate; later in the season, there is a further fall in quality along with a decline in availability. In winter, pasture quality is often high but availability is low. To provide the additional energy (and crude protein, or CP), needed for maintenance and productivity, farmers supplement grazing animals with hay, silage, grain and/or meals (Piltz et al., 2011). Due to a lack of nutrient-rich fodder, livestock development is delayed in rainfed locations. Due to the lack of protein in cereals, mono-cropping systems can negatively affect forage productivity and nutrition (Sohail et al., 2021). Production of high-yielding quality forage remains a challenge in arid and semi-arid conditions (Sadeghpour et al., 2013).
       
Forage crops, as one of the basic inputs of animal production, are of great importance for sustainable productivity and profitability, especially in ruminant nutrition. Insufficient supply of quality roughage resources increases feeding costs and negatively affects the yield per animal (Açıkgöz, 2001). Therefore, it is necessary to increase the production of fodder crops and to utilize the available resources more efficiently. Especially in semi-arid regions, developing strategies to close the feed gap is a critical factor for the sustainability of animal production (Kandemir et al., 2010). Also, by growing appropriate plant species together, nutrient content is enriched and soil fertility is maintained, contributing to sustainable agriculture (Yılmaz et al., 2019). For this reason, fodder crops have a strategic role in strengthening not only the livestock sector but also the overall structure of the agricultural economy.
       
One of the most well-known ways to conserve fodder is ensiling (Fabiszewska et al., 2019). Ensilage is a fermentative technique that uses a number of different types of microorganisms to preserve animal feed (forage, cereal grains and byproducts). According to Avila and Carvalho (2019), the primary species responsible for the pH decrease and preservation of the ensiled material is lactic acid bacteria. Ensiling’s primary problem is preserving the feed through a fermentative process that produces food that is high in nutritional value and microbial purity while minimizing fermentative losses (Carvalho et al., 2021). The largest fermentation process in use today is silage. To generate more high-quality silage that is a good source of protein and energy for dairy and beef cow farmers. The key factors influencing the feeding value of silages include crop characteristics, stage of crop development at ensiling and the extent and type of fermentation achieved within the silo (Acosta Aragon et al., 2012).
       
Due to their high dry matter output and low price, cereals play a significant role in the nutrition of ruminant animals. However, the low protein level of cereals forage reveals their poor quality and nutritional worth. Legumes can be employed in animal nutrition due to their high protein content and potential cost savings in relation to high feed costs for protein supplements. Due to their low dry matter production, legumes can produce feed with a better yield and quality when combined with cereals than when grown as a solitary crop (Eskandari et al., 2009).
       
Legumes have larger intakes than grass silages with comparable digestibility because to the rapid rates of rumen fermentation, physical breakdown and passage from the rumen of legume silages (Dewhurst, 2013). Legume forages play a significant role in the production of ruminants in many nations and, with future development, might do so much more. Legumes have different cell structures than other plants, which when combined with high fermentation rates causes them to break down into minute particles in the rumen and leave the rumen more quickly than perennial ryegrass. This increased intake of legume silages reflects these characteristics. High rates of intake are caused by easy swallowing, which accounts for the greater intakes of grazed legumes. Legumes’ slower rate of digestibility drop with maturation is an additional advantage. Legumes have often led to a reduction in methane production from the rumen and again, this relates to both physical and chemical differences between forage species. The high concentration of rapidly degraded protein in legumes also leads to inefficient utilisation of dietary N and increased urinary N output (Dewhurst et al., 2009).
       
In Türkiye, oats were planted on 3.740.583 decares in 2021, with a production of 3.752.850 tons. In the Southeastern Anatolia Region, oat cultivation covered 310 decares and produced 132 tons. Hungarian vetch was grown on 810.911 decares nationwide, producing 1.097.255 tons. In the same region, Hungarian vetch covered 9.500 decares and yielded 8.561 tons (TUIK, 2021).
       
Economic analyses are essential for identifying production models that provide sustainable income while ensuring efficient use of resources (Hazell and Norton, 1986; Erkuş et al., 2013). Particularly in semi-arid regions, the identification of high-quality and economically sustainable feed resources directly affects the profitability of livestock production.
               
The aim of this study was to investigate the silage and feed quality of whole-crop of Hungarian vetch (Vicia pannonica Crantz) and oat (Avena sativa L.) mixed in different ratios under semi-arid highland conditions of Türkiye. Additionally, forage crops need to be evaluated not only in terms of silage quality, but also in terms of feed yield obtained from unit area, input costs and economic return. Thus, it is important to evaluate the silage obtained by intercropping complementary forage crops such as Hungarian vetch and oats with economic indicators such as unit cost, gross income, net income and profitability ratios as well as feed quality. Thus, producers can be offered mix ratios that are not only nutritious but also economically advantageous. In this study, it is aimed to compare Hungarian vetch and oat grown by mixing at different rates in terms of input-cost analysis and economic efficiency as well as silage quality.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Experimental design and silage quality analysis
 
The research was carried out in a farmer field in the Kızıltepe district of Mardin province of Turkiye in the winter season of 2020-2021. “Anadolu Pembesi” Hungarian vetch variety and “Albatros” oat variety were used as plant material in the experiment. Hungarian vetch and oats were planted as sole crops each on 0.5 ha field on 07.11.2020. Both crops were planted with a grain seeder. Oats seeding ratio was 200 kg per hectare. Oats recieved 36 kg ha-1 N and 92 kg ha-1 P2O5 in DAP (18.46.0) fertilizer form as base fertilizer applied at sowing. In the spring, 69 kg ha-1 N in urea (46% N) fertilizer form was applied on 01.03.2021. Hungarian vetch seeding ratios was 130 kg per hectare. Hungarian vetch recieved 2.7 kg da-1 N and 6.9 kg da-1 P2O5 in DAP (18.46.0) base fertilizer form at sowing. No topdressing fertilizer was applied. When climatic data of Mardin province was evaluated, it was determined that there was no extremety for cultivation of both crops.
       
The Hungarian vetch was harvested on 20.05.2016 during the flowering period of the oat ear emergence period. Hungarian vetch and oats were harvested separately on the same day with the help of reaping-hook in an area of 10 m2 and plant materials were transported to the warehouse in bunches. Grass was kept in the shade for 3-4 hours to reduce humdity for an ideal silage. Then, all green plants were chopped in 0.5-1.0 cm sizes with the silage shredder machine working with the tail axle of the tractor. After the chopping process was completed, Hungarian vetch and oat varieties were weighted for the mixture ratios, filled into embossed bags (3 repetitions) in a homogeneous manner and the bags were closed by removing the air inside with a kitchen vacuum machine. 100% Hungarian vetch, 100% oats and mixture ratios of 70% Hungarian vetch + 30% oats, 60% Hungarian vetch + 40% oats, 50% Hungarian vetch + 50% oats, 30% Hungarian vetch + 70% oats were the applications. Bags were left for fermentation in a dark room for 60 days.
       
In order to measure the pH of the silages, samples were taken from the watery parts at the bottom of the plastic drums and mixed with a blender and the pH of the obtained liquid was measured with a digital pH meter (Anonymous, 1993). Then, the silage dry matter ratio was calculated by pre-drying 500 g silage samples in a drying cabinet at 70oC for 12 hours (Bulgurlu and Ergül, 1978). After the silage was dried, grinding was applied. The determination of raw ash (Weender Analysis method), crude protein (Kjendahl Method), acid detergent insoluble fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent insoluble fiber (NDF) (Ankom fiber method) were conducted on these samples. Digestible dry matter (DDM), dry matter consumption (DMC) and relative feed value (RFV) in silage were calculated with the help of 1-3 equations (Morrison, 2003).
 





For the statistical evaluation of the data obtained in the study, the statistical package program JUMP was used for analysis of variance according to the Random Plots Trial Design (Kalaycı, 2005).
 
Economic analysis and agricultural productivity assessment
 
In this study, not only the silage quality but also the economic performance in terms of agricultural production of Hungarian vetch (Vicia pannonica Crantz) and oat (Avena sativa L.) mixed at different rates were evaluated. As part of the economic analysis, input costs, yield, gross income, net income and profitability ratio were calculated for each mix ratio. Economic analysis is an important tool for analyzing the efficient use of resources in agriculture and determining production patterns that maximize farmers’ income (Hazell and Norton, 1986; Erkuş et al., 2013).
       
For each mix ratio, all variable inputs such as seed quantities used, fertilizer consumption, irrigation (if any), labor, harvesting, transportation and silage making were recorded. Inputs prices were obtained from farmers in the region and market values during the 2024 production season. Economic data and pricing used in the study are expressed in Turkish Lira (₺).
       
Economic analysis included the calculation of the following economic indicators for each application:
 
Total production cost (₺/da)
 
Total cost of inputs such as seed, fertilizer, labor, machinery and silage production.
 
Gross income (₺/da)
 
It was obtained by multiplying the silage yield (tons/da) obtained per decare for each mixture treatment by the average silage sales price (₺/ton) in the region.
 
Gross income (₺/da)= Yield (tons/da) × Silage price (₺/ton)
 
Net Income (₺/da)
 
Calculated by subtracting total production cost from gross income.
 
Net income (₺ /da) = Gross income - Total cost
 
Profitability ratio (%)
 
Calculated as the ratio of net income to total costs.

 
Unit Cost (₺ /ton)
 
It shows the total cost for one ton of silage production.


These indicators were used to provide a comparative picture of the possibilities for rural producers to obtain high quality forage at lower cost. Besides, it is also important in terms of developing sustainable forage crop production models in terms of agricultural economy and promoting the rational use of resources (Boz and Akbay, 2005; FAO, 2017).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

In the study, not only the silage quality but also the economic returns of mixtures of Hungarian vetch (Vicia pannonica Crantz) and oat (Avena sativa L.) plants in different ratios were evaluated together. This holistic approach aims both to determine the optimal mix ratios in terms of quality in animal nutrition and economic sustainability.
 
Effects of mixture ratios on silage quality parameters
 
When Table 1 is examined, the effect of mixing ratios on silage pH value was found to be significant. Silage pH value was reported as it is one of the most important factors affecting silage fermentation, where the most suitable pH range for lactic acid bacteria growth in acid environment is 3.80-4.20. Bacteria types that cause deterioration and decay cannot survive in silage with a value in this pH range (Ergün et al., 2013).

Table 1: Silage pH, Dry matter ratios and silage crude protein ratios of hungarian vetch and oat silages.


       
As the easily fermentable carbohydrate content increases, the appropriate acidity required for a good silage is provided. Therefore, as the oat content in the mixture increases, the pH of the silage decreases. This is an expected situation. Similar finding was reported (Altınok, 2002; Bengisu, 2019; Demirel et al., 2010; Seydosoglu, 2019). After extraction of water from plant tissues, the remaining part consists of dry matter and other nutrients (proteins, carbohydrates, minerals and vitamins). The feeding of ruminant animals is generally managed by considering the dry matter content of the feeds. This calculation allows to determine the required amount of feed per animal. In this respect, the dry matter ratio in roughage is of great importance. Açıkgöz (1995) reported that the dry matter ratio should be 23.5% and above in a good quality silage. In the study, it was determined that the effect of the mixing ratios on the dry matter ratio was significant (Table 1). While the highest dry matter content was obtained from 100% oat silage with 29.24%, the lowest dry matter value was obtained from 100% Hungarian vetch silage (23.42%). As the ratio of oats in the mixture increased, the dry matter ratio increased from 25.41% to 28.75%. The main reason for this change may be the high content of water-soluble carbohydrates in the tissues of grasses. Many researchers have reported that the dry matter ratio increases with the increase in the grain ratio in the mixture (Fayetörbay et al., 2011; Güre, 2016; Arslan et al., 2017). In this study, it was determined that the effect of the mixture ratios on the crude protein ratio was significant. While the highest crude protein value of silage was obtained from 100% Hungarian vetch silage with 19.64%, the lowest crude protein value of silage was obtained from 100% oat silage. It was determined that as the legume ratio in the mixture increased, the crude protein ratio increased. This is due to the high protein content of legumes. Findings from several researchers, Demirel et al., (2003) and Aykan and Saruhan (2018) indicate that crude protein ratios increase when legume ratio increases in cereal-legume silage mixtures.
       
ADF are poorly digestable or indigestible parts of fiber such as cellulose and lignin. When ADF is low, feed has a highly digestible feature and be defined as high quality feed (Anonymous, 2015a). As a result of the excessive amount of ADF given, the expected efficiency from the animals cannot be obtained due to the decrease in feed intake due to the energy density. On the other hand, administration of a small amount of ADF may cause serious fatal diseases such as acidosis, abomosum diplasia, laminitis, decreased milk fat ratio and decreased body condition due to the change in fermentation in the rumen (Avellaneda et al., 2009; Yang et al., 2009). NDF indicates the entire cell wall, that is, the total amount of digestible and non-digestible fiber in the feed. High NDF indicates a low level of feed intake and low NDF indicates a high level of feed intake. The higher the NDF, the thicker the plant cell wall (Anonymous, 2015b). In this study, it was determined that the mixture ratios was significantly effective on the ADF and NDF contents of silages. It was determined that the ADF content decreased from 34.81% to 37.25% and the NDF content decreased from 49.02% to 52.34% as the legume content in the mixture increased (Table 2). When the NDF ratio exceeds 32% on the basis of dry matter, feed intake is limited by rumen capacity and the flora in the rumen shifts towards cellulotic microorganisms. This is not a desired situation in the rumen flora (Khafipour et al., 2009; Tekce and Gul, 2014). The fact that legume forage plants have a high value in terms of protein is the explaination of this situation. Because proportionally, the ratio of substances forming the cell wall decreases depending on the increase in intracellular content (Carr et al., 2004). It was reported that the ADF ratio of barley harvested during the milking period is lower than the forage pea plant harvested during the flowering period (Aykan and Saruhan, 2018). In terms of digestible dry matter ratios, which is one of the most important quality indicators of roughage, the highest was obtained from 100% Hungarian vetch, while the lowest DDM ratio was obtained from 100% oat silage (Table 2). As other examples; Aydın ​et al. (2015), reported that approximately 65% of some wild annual alfalfa species collected from different geographical locations which supports our findings.

Table 2: ADF, NDF and digestible dry matter contents of hungarian vetch and oat silages.


       
When the DMC values are examined (Table 2), the highest DMC ratio was obtained from 100% Hungarian vetch silage with 2.65%, while the lowest DMC ratio was obtained from 100% oat silage with 2.18%. In the hay trade, the picture has not changed in terms of relative feed values by Redfearn et al., (2012), which is the most important criterion in determining the price of hay. While the highest relative feed value was obtained from 100% Hungarian vetch silage with 132.58, the lowest relative feed value was obtained from 100% oat silage with 97.15 (Table 3).

Table 3: Dry matter intake, relative feed value and lactic acid content of hungarian vetch and oat silages.


       
Lactic acid bacteria are the most important members of microorganisms in silage during fermentation period. The amount and composition of organic acids during silage fermentation determines the quality of fermentation (Filya, 2002). It was reported by many investigators that lactic acid ratio should be higher than 2% in a quality silage (Kilic, 1986; Alcicek and Ozkan, 1997). The results obtained were close to 2%.
 
Economic analysis of feed mixtures
 
In the study, in addition to silage quality, economic efficiency of Hungarian vetch (Vicia pannonica Crantz) and oat (Avena sativa L.) planted at different mixture ratios was also evaluated. Accordingly, basic economic indicators such as total production cost, gross income, net income, unit cost and profitability ratio were calculated for each mix treatment. Profitability ratio was calculated as the ratio of net income to total costs and reflected the economic efficiency of production. Also, the unit cost (₺ /ton) value allowed an evaluation in terms of cost-effectiveness by expressing the expenditure made for one ton of silage production.
       
All prices used in the economic analysis are based on market conditions in and around Mardin province as of 2024 (Table 4). Especially seed, fertilizer and service inputs are important items that directly affect the cost of production. Hungarian vetch seed (60₺/kg) is a high-cost input, while oat seed (17₺/kg) is lower cost. Other fixed inputs include labor, diesel, silage making and transportation costs.

Table 4: Market unit prices of inputs used (2024).


       
The total costs of production in 1 decare area according to different mixture ratios are presented in Table 5. According to the findings, total production cost decreases as the Hungarian vetch ratio decreases. While the total cost was 2,825₺/ha in the scenario with 100% Hungarian vetch, this value decreased to 2,685₺/ha in the 100% oat mixture (Table 5). This difference is mainly due to the cost of seed.

Table 5: Production costs according to mix ratios.


       
Gross income was calculated based on the yield (tons/ha) obtained for each mix ratio, taking into account the silage sale price (Table 6). The lowest yield was obtained from 100% Hungarian vetch (2.25 tons/ha) and the highest yield was obtained from 100% oat (100% OS) (3.6 tons/ha). Along with yields, gross income and net income values also increased. According to these results, the highest net income was obtained in 100% oat cultivation.

Table 6: Economic evaluation according to different mixtures (for 1 decare).


       
The profitability ratio shows the economic efficiency of production. While this ratio was 123% for 100% Hungarian vetch, it reached 275.4% for 100% oat mixture. Increasing oats in the mix ratios significantly increased profitability. Unit cost (₺/ton) represents the total expenditure for one ton of silage production and was the lowest (746₺/ton) in the 100% oats scenario. This shows the cost-effectiveness of oats. Additionally, as the proportion of Oats increases, both yield and net income increase, thus increasing the rate of profitability.
       
Additionally, as the proportion of Oats increases, both yield and net income increase, thus increasing the rate of profitability. As a result of the economic analysis, 100% oat mixture was the most economically advantageous option with both the highest net income (7,395₺/da) and the lowest unit cost (746₺/ton). However, an integrated approach should be adopted when determining mixing ratios, taking into account both nutritional value and cost-effectiveness analysis.
       
In the study, 100% Hungarian vetch had the highest values in terms of silage quality, but offered the lowest economic profitability. While 100% oats are the most economically profitable option, they are of lower quality, especially in terms of protein, digestibility and RFV. On the other hand, 50% HVS + 50% OS and 60% HVS + 40% OS mixtures stand out as balanced options in terms of both economic gain and quality. Moreover, these mixtures provide adequate protein levels, acceptable digestibility and high economic returns (Table 7).

Table 7: Effect of different mixture ratios on silage quality and economic performance.


       
Considering both cases together, a 50% HVS + 50% OS mix offers the optimal balance in terms of both efficiency and quality. Such stabilizing mixtures are important for quality-sensitive livestock enterprises such as milk and meat production. For producers focused solely on reducing feed costs, 100% oats may be economically attractive, but this may negatively impact animal performance in the long term.
 
An economic assessment in the relation to sustainable agriculture and livestock policies
 
Livestock sustainability in semi-arid regions is directly related not only to feed efficiency but also to economic production processes (Koç and Gül, 2018). In this study, when the technical and economic performances of different mixture ratios are considered, it is seen that especially the 50% Hungarian vetch + 50% oat mixture stands out with both high net income and low unit cost. This ratio represents the economic optimum point in roughage production and offers an important alternative in the creation of sustainable feed resources.
       
In Türkiye, it is reported that there is an annual roughage deficit of approximately 8-10 million tons (TAGEM, 2022). Thus, such economically advantageous mix models at the regional level can play a strategic role in reducing the feed deficit and reducing dependence on feed imports. Especially in areas with high livestock potential but limited feed production, such as Eastern and Southeastern Anatolia, such mixtures can be considered as a cost-effective and local solution (Duru et al., 2019). Also, silage production with legume and cereal mixtures contributes to sustainable production systems both in terms of increasing soil fertility (biological nitrogen fixation) and providing protein balance in animal nutrition (Kacar and Katkat, 2010; Dewhurst et al., 2009). Accordingly, increasing the incentives of agricultural policies to support fodder crops production will increase both producer income and the quality of animal production by disseminating economically optimum mixing ratios (TOB, 2024b).
       
Using forage crops as a mixture provides both balanced silage production in terms of nutritional value and supports economic sustainability. In the literature, it is reported that it is appropriate to use legumes at a maximum rate of 75% in order to increase the crude protein content in silages and this ratio is also advantageous in terms of the plants having similar vegetation periods (Kavut et al., 2014). In different legume-grain mixtures, legume ratios ranging between 50-75% give optimum results both technically (feed quality) and economically (cost/profitability). Therefore, the use of legumes in certain proportions with cereals can be considered an important strategy for sustainable livestock production (Avci and Koç, 2021; Aydın et al., 2015).
       
In this study, Hungarian vetch and oat mixtures were evaluated; although the highest crude protein rate was obtained in 100% vetch treatment, the highest net income and balanced feed quality were obtained in 50% Hungarian vetch + 50% oat ratio. However, it is seen that mixtures containing 60-70% Hungarian vetch are also preferable for producers who want to obtain silage richer in protein.

CONCLUSION

As a result, it can be concluded that, a maximum of 75% legumes will be required in order to increase the crude protein content of the silages obtained by mixing the barley and grass pea. These two crops get mature close to each other during the vegetation periods. In terms of quality, the best result was obtained from 75% Hungarian Vetch + 25% oat. Besides, as a result of the economic analysis, cereal-legume mixtures stand out as an important alternative feed source to support sustainable animal husbandry activities in semi-arid areas by providing advantages in terms of both silage quality and economic performance. In particular, a 50% vetch + 50% oat mix could be specially promoted in fodder crop support programs as a strategic combination that provides both economic sustainability and feed quality together. Moreover, agricultural production planning in areas with limited rainfall can be revised based on this model.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

REFERENCES


  1. Acosta Aragón, Y., Jatkauskas, J. and Vrotniakienė, V. (2012). The effect of a silage inoculant on silage quality, aerobic stability and meat production on farm scale. International Scholarly Research Notices. 2012(1): 345927.

  2. Açıkgöz, E. (1995). Forage Crops (2nd ed.). Uludağ University, Faculty of Agriculture, Press No: 7-025-0210, Bursa. 456 p.

  3. Açıkgöz, E. (2001). Forage crops. Uludag University Faculty of Agriculture Publications, No: 166.

  4. Agricultural Economics Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (Republic of Türkiye) (TEAE). (2024). Report on forage crop production costs in Turkey. https://www.teae. gov.tr/yem-bitkileri-2024 [Access date: 05.01.2024].

  5. Alcicek, A. and Ozkan, K. (1997). A Study on determination of silage quality by chemical and physical analysis in the fermantated silage. Turkey I. Congress of silage. 19 September 1997. Bursa, pp. 241-246.

  6. Altınok, S. (2002). A study on the determination of silage quality characteristics of barley, Hungarian vetch and hairy vetch mixed at different ratios. Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 8(3): 232-237.

  7. Anonymous, (1993). Bestimmung des pH-Wertes. In: Die chemischen Untersuchungen von Futtermitteln. Teil 18 Silage. Abschnit 18.1 Bestimmung des pH-Wertes. Methodenbuch Bd. III., VDLUFAV Verlag, Darmstadt.

  8. Anonymous, (2015a). Access link: http://www.amasyadsyb.org/besleme/ lif.html [Access date: 05.11.2018].

  9. Anonymous, (2015b). Access link: http://www.amasyadsyb.org/besleme/ lif.html [Access date: 05.11.2018].

  10. Arslan, M., Erdurmuþ, C., Öten, M., Aydınoğlu, B. and Çakmakçı, S. (2017). Quality charecteristics of sorghum and some plants silages mixed at different rates. Journal of Tekirdag Agricultural Faculty. 14(02): 34-41.

  11. Avci, M. and Koç, A. (2021). Effect of cereals and legumes on protein and energy balance in mixed silages. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Natural Sciences. 8(1): 45-52. 

  12. Avellaneda, J.H., Pinos-Rodríguez, J.M., González, S.S., Bárcena, R., Hernández, A., Cobos, M. and Montañez, O. (2009). Effects of exogenous fibrolytic enzymes on ruminal fermentation and digestion of Guinea grass hay. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 149(1-2): 70-77.

  13. Avila, C.L.S. and Carvalho, B.F. (2019) Silage fermentation - updates focusing on the performance of microorganisms. Journal Appl Microbiol. 128(4): 966-984.

  14. Aydın, A., Tan, M. and Yüksel, S. (2015). Silage quality and nutritional values of mixed forage crops. Journal of Feed Science and Technology. 2(2): 88-94.

  15. Aydın, İ., Uzun, F. and Algan, D. (2015). Yield and nutritive values of some wild annual medic species collected from different geographical location. Anadolu Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 30(3): 275-280.

  16. Aykan, Y. and Saruhan, V. (2018). Determination of silage quality features of field Pea (Pisum sativum L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) mixtures ensiling at different rates. Dicle University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Journal. 11(2): 64-70.

  17. Bengisu, G. (2019). A study on the silage properties of hungarian vetch (Vicia pannonica Crantz.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) grass mixtures in different rates. Legume Research. 42(5): 680-683. doi: 10.18805/LR-494.

  18. Boz, İ. and Akbay, C. (2005). Attitudes of agricultural producers towards innovations: The GAP-Şanlıurfa case. Journal of Agricultural Economics. 11(2): 17-25.

  19. Bulgurlu, Ş. and Ergül, M. (1978). Physical, chemical and biological analysis methods of feeds. Ege University Press, Publication No: 127, İzmir. pp. 176.

  20. Carr, P.M., Horsley, R.D. and Poland, W.W. (2004). Barley, oat and cereal-pea mixtures as dryland forages in the northern Great Plains. Agronomy Journal. 96(3): 677-684.

  21. Carvalho, B.F., Sales, G.F.C., Schwan, R.F. and Ávila, C.L.S. (2021). Criteria for lactic acid bacteria screening to enhance silage quality. Journal of Applied Microbiology. 130(2): 341-355.

  22. Demirel, M., Cengiz, F., Erdoğan, S. and Çelik, S. (2003). A study on silage quality and rumen degradability of mixed silages containing different levels of sudangrass and hungarian vetch. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences. 27(4): 853-859.

  23. Demirel, R., Saruhan, V., Baran, M.S. andiç, N. and Demirel, D.Ş. (2010). Determination of different ratios of Trifolium repens and Hordeum vulgare mixtures on silage quality. Yüzüncü Yıl University Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 20(1): 26-31.

  24. Dewhurst, R. (2013). Milk production from silage: Comparison of grass, legume and maize silages and their mixtures. Agricultural and Food Science. 22(1): 57-69.

  25. Dewhurst, R.J., Delaby, L., Moloney, A., Boland, T. and Lewis, E. (2009). Nutritive value of forage legumes used for grazing and silage. Irish Journal of Agricultural and Food Research. 48(2): 167-187.

  26. Dewhurst, R.J., Scollan, N.D., Lee, M.R.F., Ougham, H.J. and Humphreys, M.O. (2009). Forage breeding and management to increase the beneficial fatty acid content of ruminant products. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. 62(2): 329-336.

  27. Duru, M., Demirtaş, Z. and Altın, M. (2019). Roughage production potential and evaluation opportunities in Turkey. Journal of Agricultural Economics Research. 25(2): 103-112.

  28. Ergün, A., Tuncer, Ş.D., Çolpan, İ., Yalçın, S., Yıldız, G., Küçükersan, M.K., Küçükersan, S., Şehu, A. and Saçaklı, P. (2013). Feeds, feed hygiene and technology. Extended 5th edition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara.

  29. Erkuş, A., Bülbül, M., Kıral, T., Alemdar, T. And Demirci, R. (2013). Agricultural economics. Ankara: Atatürk University Faculty of Agriculture Publications.

  30. Eskandari, H., Ghanbari, A. and Javanmard, A. (2009). Intercropping of cereals and legumes for forage production. Notulae Scientia Biologicae. 1(1): 07-13.

  31. Fabiszewska, A.U., Zielińska, K.J. and Wróbel, B. (2019). Trends in designing microbial silage quality by biotechnological methods using lactic acid bacteria inoculants: A minireview. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology. 35(5): 1-8.

  32. FAO. (2017). The future of food and agriculture: Trends and challenges.  Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

  33. Fayetörbay, D., Dumlu, G.Z. and Tan, M. (2011). Determination of silage values of forage pea-wheat and forage peameadow grass mixtures. IX. Turkish Field Crops Congress, 12-15 September 2011, Bursa-Türkiye.

  34. Filya, İ. (2002). The effects of lactic acid bacterial inoculants on the fermentation, aerobic stability and in situ rumen degradability characteristics of maize and sorghum silages. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences. 26(4): 815-823

  35. Güre, E. (2016). An investigation on usage possibilities of sweet sorghum (Sorghum Bicolor (L.) Moench Var. Saccharatum) and black eyed-pea (Vigna Unguiculata (L.) Walp.) mixture for silage. (M.Sc). Ege University Institute of Natural and Applied Science, İzmir.  

  36. Hazell, P.B.R. and Norton, R.D. (1986). Mathematical programming for economic analysis in agriculture. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company.

  37. Ibrahim, M., Ayub, M., Maqbool, M.M., Nadeem, S.M., ul Haq, T., Hussain, S. and Lauriault, L.M. (2014). Forage yield components of irrigated maize-legume mixtures at varied seed ratios. Field Crops Research. 169: 140-144.

  38. Kacar, B. and Katkat, A.V. (2010). Fertilizers and fertilization techniques. Nobel Publishing.

  39. Kalaycı, M. (2005). Examples of Jump usage and variance analysis models for agricultural research. Anatolian Agricultural Research Institute Publications, Publication (21). pp. 296. 

  40. Kandemir, N., Koç, A. and Tahtacıoğlu, L. (2010). The current situation and development opportunities of forage crop production in Turkey. Proceedings of the 7th Field Crops Congress of Turkey. (2): 899-902.

  41. Kavut, Y.T., Kaplan, M. and Gül, M. (2014). Comparison of silage quality and crude protein content in different legume-cereal mixtures. Journal of Field Crops Central Research Institute. 23(1): 41-48.

  42. Khafipour, E., Li, S., Plaizier, J.C. and Krause, D.O. (2009). Rumen microbiome composition determined using two nutritional models of subacute ruminal acidosis. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 75(22): 7115-7124.

  43. Kilic, A. (1986). Silo feed teaching, learning and application suggestions. Bilgehan Publishing House, İzmir, pp. 264.

  44. Koç, A. and Gül, M. (2018). Forage crop cultivation and the effect- iveness of support policies in Turkey. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Natural Sciences. 5(2): 153-160.

  45. Morrison, J.A. (2003). Hay and pasture management, Chapter 8. Extension educator, crop systems rockford extension center. http:// iah. aces.uiuc.edu/pdf/Agronomy _HB/ 08chapter.

  46. Piltz, J., Rodham, C., Walker, J., Matthews, P., Hackney, B. and Wilkins, J. (2011). Cereal based forage crops for hay and silage production. In Annual Grasslands Conference: Grassland Farmers-Opportunýtýes, Threats and Realıtıe. The Grassland  Society of NSW Inc. (pp. 81-87)

  47. Redfearn, D., Zhang, H. and Caddel, J. (2012). Forage quality Inter- pretations. Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service. PSS-2117, p:4, Available from URL: http://pss.okstate. edu/publications/publications-masterlist/copy_of_ publications/ forages/PSS-2117web.pdf [Access date: 01.01.2019].

  48. Sadeghpour, A., Jahanzad, E., Esmaeili, A., Hosseini, M.B. and Hashemi, M. (2013). Forage yield, quality and economic benefit of intercropped barley and annual medic in semi-arid conditions: Additive series. Field Crops Research. 148: 43-48.

  49. Seydosoglu, S. (2019). Effects of different mixture ratios of grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare) on quality of silage. Legume Research. 42(5): 666-670. doi: 10.18805/LR-468.

  50. Sohail, S., Ansar, M., Skalicky, M., Wasaya, A., Soufan, W., Ahmad Yasir, T and EL Sabagh, A. (2021). Influence of tillage systems and cereals-legume mixture on fodder yield, quality and net returns under rainfed conditions. Sustainability. 13(4): 2172.

  51. TAGEM (General Directorate of Agricultural Research and Policies). (2022). Report on forage crop production potential. https:// www.tagem.gov.tr [Access date: 18.05.2022]. 

  52. Tekce, E. and Gül, M. (2014). The Importance of NDF and ADF in Ruminant Nutrition. Atatürk University Journal of Veterinary Sciences. 9(1): 63-73.

  53. TOB, (Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (Republic of Türkiye). (2024a). Fertilizer and seed price bulletin. https://www. tarimorman.gov.tr [Access date: 15.10.2024]. 

  54. TOB, (Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (Republic of Türkiye). (2024b). Communiqué and implementation guide on forage crop subsidies. https://www.tarimorman.gov.tr [Access date: 15.10.2024].

  55. TUIK (Turkish Statistical Institute). (2021). https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/ ?kn=92andlocale=tr [Access date: 12.10.2022]. 

  56. Yang, W.Z. and Beauchemin, K.A. (2009). Increasing physically effective fiber content of dairy cow diets through forage proportion versus forage chop length: Chewing and ruminal pH. Journal of Dairy Science. 92(4): 1603-1615.

  57. Yılmaz, S., Mut, H. and Acar, Z. (2019). The importance of legume- cereal mixtures in closing the roughage deficit. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Natural Sciences. 6(3): 403-410.
Published In
Legume Research
Article Metrics
Metrics Icon
0
Views
0
Citations
Reviewed By
Share Article
Download Article
In this Article
    Contact us
    Follow us

    Full Research Article

    Silage Quality and Economic Efficiency Analysis of Hungarian Vetch (Vicia pannonica Crantz) and Oats (Avena sativa L.) Mixed at Different Ratios

    A
    Abdullah Eren1,*
    E
    Erdal Karadenız1
    A
    Aybüke Kaya2
    1Department of Field Crops, Kiziltepe Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technologies, Mardin Artuklu University, Mardin-47200, Türkiye.
    2Department of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay-31000, Türkiye.

    • Submitted29-06-2022|

    • Accepted09-08-2025|

    • First Online 15-09-2025|

    • doi 10.18805/LRF-707

    ABSTRACT

    Background: In this study, it was aimed to compare Hungarian vetch and oats mixed at different ratios not only in terms of silage quality but also in terms of their economic efficiency. “Anadolu Pembesi” Hungarian vetch variety and “Albatros” oat variety were used as plant material in the experiment. 

    Methods: Research was carried out during the winter of 2020-2021 on a farmer field in the Kızıltepe district of Mardin province (Turkiye). In the study, 100% Hungarian vetch, 100% oat, 70% Hungarian vetch + 30% oat, 60% Hungarian vetch + 40% oat, 50% Hungarian vetch + 50% oat, 30% Hungarian vetch + 70% oat silages were tested. Besides silage quality, input-cost analysis and comparison in terms of economic efficiency were also made in the study.

    Result: Ph value, dry matter, crude protein ratio, acid detergent insoluble fiber, neutral detergent insoluble fiber, digestible dry matter, dry matter consumption, relative feed value and lactic acid ratio varied between 3.88-4.11; 25.02-29.24%; 12.17-19.64%; 31.34-40.24%; 45.27-55.14%; 57.55-64.49%; 2.18-2.65%; 97.15-132.58 and 1.82%-2.38%, respectively. When all the features are evaulated together, 70% Hungarian vetch + 30% oat silage mixture was recommended due to high crude protein ratio, high relative feed value and lactic acid ratio in between low acid detergent insoluble fiber and neutral detergent insoluble fiber ratios. On the other hand, 50% HVS + 50% OS and 60% HVS + 40% OS mixtures stand out as balanced options in terms of both economic gain and quality. This ratio represents the economic optimum point in roughage production and offers an important alternative in the creation of sustainable feed resources.

    INTRODUCTION

    In semi-arid regions of the world, livestock productivity is constrained by forage availability (Ibrahim et al., 2014). In summer, there is some residual dry standing pasture available, but the quality of the forage is only moderate; later in the season, there is a further fall in quality along with a decline in availability. In winter, pasture quality is often high but availability is low. To provide the additional energy (and crude protein, or CP), needed for maintenance and productivity, farmers supplement grazing animals with hay, silage, grain and/or meals (Piltz et al., 2011). Due to a lack of nutrient-rich fodder, livestock development is delayed in rainfed locations. Due to the lack of protein in cereals, mono-cropping systems can negatively affect forage productivity and nutrition (Sohail et al., 2021). Production of high-yielding quality forage remains a challenge in arid and semi-arid conditions (Sadeghpour et al., 2013).
           
    Forage crops, as one of the basic inputs of animal production, are of great importance for sustainable productivity and profitability, especially in ruminant nutrition. Insufficient supply of quality roughage resources increases feeding costs and negatively affects the yield per animal (Açıkgöz, 2001). Therefore, it is necessary to increase the production of fodder crops and to utilize the available resources more efficiently. Especially in semi-arid regions, developing strategies to close the feed gap is a critical factor for the sustainability of animal production (Kandemir et al., 2010). Also, by growing appropriate plant species together, nutrient content is enriched and soil fertility is maintained, contributing to sustainable agriculture (Yılmaz et al., 2019). For this reason, fodder crops have a strategic role in strengthening not only the livestock sector but also the overall structure of the agricultural economy.
           
    One of the most well-known ways to conserve fodder is ensiling (Fabiszewska et al., 2019). Ensilage is a fermentative technique that uses a number of different types of microorganisms to preserve animal feed (forage, cereal grains and byproducts). According to Avila and Carvalho (2019), the primary species responsible for the pH decrease and preservation of the ensiled material is lactic acid bacteria. Ensiling’s primary problem is preserving the feed through a fermentative process that produces food that is high in nutritional value and microbial purity while minimizing fermentative losses (Carvalho et al., 2021). The largest fermentation process in use today is silage. To generate more high-quality silage that is a good source of protein and energy for dairy and beef cow farmers. The key factors influencing the feeding value of silages include crop characteristics, stage of crop development at ensiling and the extent and type of fermentation achieved within the silo (Acosta Aragon et al., 2012).
           
    Due to their high dry matter output and low price, cereals play a significant role in the nutrition of ruminant animals. However, the low protein level of cereals forage reveals their poor quality and nutritional worth. Legumes can be employed in animal nutrition due to their high protein content and potential cost savings in relation to high feed costs for protein supplements. Due to their low dry matter production, legumes can produce feed with a better yield and quality when combined with cereals than when grown as a solitary crop (Eskandari et al., 2009).
           
    Legumes have larger intakes than grass silages with comparable digestibility because to the rapid rates of rumen fermentation, physical breakdown and passage from the rumen of legume silages (Dewhurst, 2013). Legume forages play a significant role in the production of ruminants in many nations and, with future development, might do so much more. Legumes have different cell structures than other plants, which when combined with high fermentation rates causes them to break down into minute particles in the rumen and leave the rumen more quickly than perennial ryegrass. This increased intake of legume silages reflects these characteristics. High rates of intake are caused by easy swallowing, which accounts for the greater intakes of grazed legumes. Legumes’ slower rate of digestibility drop with maturation is an additional advantage. Legumes have often led to a reduction in methane production from the rumen and again, this relates to both physical and chemical differences between forage species. The high concentration of rapidly degraded protein in legumes also leads to inefficient utilisation of dietary N and increased urinary N output (Dewhurst et al., 2009).
           
    In Türkiye, oats were planted on 3.740.583 decares in 2021, with a production of 3.752.850 tons. In the Southeastern Anatolia Region, oat cultivation covered 310 decares and produced 132 tons. Hungarian vetch was grown on 810.911 decares nationwide, producing 1.097.255 tons. In the same region, Hungarian vetch covered 9.500 decares and yielded 8.561 tons (TUIK, 2021).
           
    Economic analyses are essential for identifying production models that provide sustainable income while ensuring efficient use of resources (Hazell and Norton, 1986; Erkuş et al., 2013). Particularly in semi-arid regions, the identification of high-quality and economically sustainable feed resources directly affects the profitability of livestock production.
                   
    The aim of this study was to investigate the silage and feed quality of whole-crop of Hungarian vetch (Vicia pannonica Crantz) and oat (Avena sativa L.) mixed in different ratios under semi-arid highland conditions of Türkiye. Additionally, forage crops need to be evaluated not only in terms of silage quality, but also in terms of feed yield obtained from unit area, input costs and economic return. Thus, it is important to evaluate the silage obtained by intercropping complementary forage crops such as Hungarian vetch and oats with economic indicators such as unit cost, gross income, net income and profitability ratios as well as feed quality. Thus, producers can be offered mix ratios that are not only nutritious but also economically advantageous. In this study, it is aimed to compare Hungarian vetch and oat grown by mixing at different rates in terms of input-cost analysis and economic efficiency as well as silage quality.

    MATERIALS AND METHODS

    Experimental design and silage quality analysis
     
    The research was carried out in a farmer field in the Kızıltepe district of Mardin province of Turkiye in the winter season of 2020-2021. “Anadolu Pembesi” Hungarian vetch variety and “Albatros” oat variety were used as plant material in the experiment. Hungarian vetch and oats were planted as sole crops each on 0.5 ha field on 07.11.2020. Both crops were planted with a grain seeder. Oats seeding ratio was 200 kg per hectare. Oats recieved 36 kg ha-1 N and 92 kg ha-1 P2O5 in DAP (18.46.0) fertilizer form as base fertilizer applied at sowing. In the spring, 69 kg ha-1 N in urea (46% N) fertilizer form was applied on 01.03.2021. Hungarian vetch seeding ratios was 130 kg per hectare. Hungarian vetch recieved 2.7 kg da-1 N and 6.9 kg da-1 P2O5 in DAP (18.46.0) base fertilizer form at sowing. No topdressing fertilizer was applied. When climatic data of Mardin province was evaluated, it was determined that there was no extremety for cultivation of both crops.
           
    The Hungarian vetch was harvested on 20.05.2016 during the flowering period of the oat ear emergence period. Hungarian vetch and oats were harvested separately on the same day with the help of reaping-hook in an area of 10 m2 and plant materials were transported to the warehouse in bunches. Grass was kept in the shade for 3-4 hours to reduce humdity for an ideal silage. Then, all green plants were chopped in 0.5-1.0 cm sizes with the silage shredder machine working with the tail axle of the tractor. After the chopping process was completed, Hungarian vetch and oat varieties were weighted for the mixture ratios, filled into embossed bags (3 repetitions) in a homogeneous manner and the bags were closed by removing the air inside with a kitchen vacuum machine. 100% Hungarian vetch, 100% oats and mixture ratios of 70% Hungarian vetch + 30% oats, 60% Hungarian vetch + 40% oats, 50% Hungarian vetch + 50% oats, 30% Hungarian vetch + 70% oats were the applications. Bags were left for fermentation in a dark room for 60 days.
           
    In order to measure the pH of the silages, samples were taken from the watery parts at the bottom of the plastic drums and mixed with a blender and the pH of the obtained liquid was measured with a digital pH meter (Anonymous, 1993). Then, the silage dry matter ratio was calculated by pre-drying 500 g silage samples in a drying cabinet at 70oC for 12 hours (Bulgurlu and Ergül, 1978). After the silage was dried, grinding was applied. The determination of raw ash (Weender Analysis method), crude protein (Kjendahl Method), acid detergent insoluble fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent insoluble fiber (NDF) (Ankom fiber method) were conducted on these samples. Digestible dry matter (DDM), dry matter consumption (DMC) and relative feed value (RFV) in silage were calculated with the help of 1-3 equations (Morrison, 2003).
     





    For the statistical evaluation of the data obtained in the study, the statistical package program JUMP was used for analysis of variance according to the Random Plots Trial Design (Kalaycı, 2005).
     
    Economic analysis and agricultural productivity assessment
     
    In this study, not only the silage quality but also the economic performance in terms of agricultural production of Hungarian vetch (Vicia pannonica Crantz) and oat (Avena sativa L.) mixed at different rates were evaluated. As part of the economic analysis, input costs, yield, gross income, net income and profitability ratio were calculated for each mix ratio. Economic analysis is an important tool for analyzing the efficient use of resources in agriculture and determining production patterns that maximize farmers’ income (Hazell and Norton, 1986; Erkuş et al., 2013).
           
    For each mix ratio, all variable inputs such as seed quantities used, fertilizer consumption, irrigation (if any), labor, harvesting, transportation and silage making were recorded. Inputs prices were obtained from farmers in the region and market values during the 2024 production season. Economic data and pricing used in the study are expressed in Turkish Lira (₺).
           
    Economic analysis included the calculation of the following economic indicators for each application:
     
    Total production cost (₺/da)
     
    Total cost of inputs such as seed, fertilizer, labor, machinery and silage production.
     
    Gross income (₺/da)
     
    It was obtained by multiplying the silage yield (tons/da) obtained per decare for each mixture treatment by the average silage sales price (₺/ton) in the region.
     
    Gross income (₺/da)= Yield (tons/da) × Silage price (₺/ton)
     
    Net Income (₺/da)
     
    Calculated by subtracting total production cost from gross income.
     
    Net income (₺ /da) = Gross income - Total cost
     
    Profitability ratio (%)
     
    Calculated as the ratio of net income to total costs.

     
    Unit Cost (₺ /ton)
     
    It shows the total cost for one ton of silage production.


    These indicators were used to provide a comparative picture of the possibilities for rural producers to obtain high quality forage at lower cost. Besides, it is also important in terms of developing sustainable forage crop production models in terms of agricultural economy and promoting the rational use of resources (Boz and Akbay, 2005; FAO, 2017).

    RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

    In the study, not only the silage quality but also the economic returns of mixtures of Hungarian vetch (Vicia pannonica Crantz) and oat (Avena sativa L.) plants in different ratios were evaluated together. This holistic approach aims both to determine the optimal mix ratios in terms of quality in animal nutrition and economic sustainability.
     
    Effects of mixture ratios on silage quality parameters
     
    When Table 1 is examined, the effect of mixing ratios on silage pH value was found to be significant. Silage pH value was reported as it is one of the most important factors affecting silage fermentation, where the most suitable pH range for lactic acid bacteria growth in acid environment is 3.80-4.20. Bacteria types that cause deterioration and decay cannot survive in silage with a value in this pH range (Ergün et al., 2013).

    Table 1: Silage pH, Dry matter ratios and silage crude protein ratios of hungarian vetch and oat silages.


           
    As the easily fermentable carbohydrate content increases, the appropriate acidity required for a good silage is provided. Therefore, as the oat content in the mixture increases, the pH of the silage decreases. This is an expected situation. Similar finding was reported (Altınok, 2002; Bengisu, 2019; Demirel et al., 2010; Seydosoglu, 2019). After extraction of water from plant tissues, the remaining part consists of dry matter and other nutrients (proteins, carbohydrates, minerals and vitamins). The feeding of ruminant animals is generally managed by considering the dry matter content of the feeds. This calculation allows to determine the required amount of feed per animal. In this respect, the dry matter ratio in roughage is of great importance. Açıkgöz (1995) reported that the dry matter ratio should be 23.5% and above in a good quality silage. In the study, it was determined that the effect of the mixing ratios on the dry matter ratio was significant (Table 1). While the highest dry matter content was obtained from 100% oat silage with 29.24%, the lowest dry matter value was obtained from 100% Hungarian vetch silage (23.42%). As the ratio of oats in the mixture increased, the dry matter ratio increased from 25.41% to 28.75%. The main reason for this change may be the high content of water-soluble carbohydrates in the tissues of grasses. Many researchers have reported that the dry matter ratio increases with the increase in the grain ratio in the mixture (Fayetörbay et al., 2011; Güre, 2016; Arslan et al., 2017). In this study, it was determined that the effect of the mixture ratios on the crude protein ratio was significant. While the highest crude protein value of silage was obtained from 100% Hungarian vetch silage with 19.64%, the lowest crude protein value of silage was obtained from 100% oat silage. It was determined that as the legume ratio in the mixture increased, the crude protein ratio increased. This is due to the high protein content of legumes. Findings from several researchers, Demirel et al., (2003) and Aykan and Saruhan (2018) indicate that crude protein ratios increase when legume ratio increases in cereal-legume silage mixtures.
           
    ADF are poorly digestable or indigestible parts of fiber such as cellulose and lignin. When ADF is low, feed has a highly digestible feature and be defined as high quality feed (Anonymous, 2015a). As a result of the excessive amount of ADF given, the expected efficiency from the animals cannot be obtained due to the decrease in feed intake due to the energy density. On the other hand, administration of a small amount of ADF may cause serious fatal diseases such as acidosis, abomosum diplasia, laminitis, decreased milk fat ratio and decreased body condition due to the change in fermentation in the rumen (Avellaneda et al., 2009; Yang et al., 2009). NDF indicates the entire cell wall, that is, the total amount of digestible and non-digestible fiber in the feed. High NDF indicates a low level of feed intake and low NDF indicates a high level of feed intake. The higher the NDF, the thicker the plant cell wall (Anonymous, 2015b). In this study, it was determined that the mixture ratios was significantly effective on the ADF and NDF contents of silages. It was determined that the ADF content decreased from 34.81% to 37.25% and the NDF content decreased from 49.02% to 52.34% as the legume content in the mixture increased (Table 2). When the NDF ratio exceeds 32% on the basis of dry matter, feed intake is limited by rumen capacity and the flora in the rumen shifts towards cellulotic microorganisms. This is not a desired situation in the rumen flora (Khafipour et al., 2009; Tekce and Gul, 2014). The fact that legume forage plants have a high value in terms of protein is the explaination of this situation. Because proportionally, the ratio of substances forming the cell wall decreases depending on the increase in intracellular content (Carr et al., 2004). It was reported that the ADF ratio of barley harvested during the milking period is lower than the forage pea plant harvested during the flowering period (Aykan and Saruhan, 2018). In terms of digestible dry matter ratios, which is one of the most important quality indicators of roughage, the highest was obtained from 100% Hungarian vetch, while the lowest DDM ratio was obtained from 100% oat silage (Table 2). As other examples; Aydın ​et al. (2015), reported that approximately 65% of some wild annual alfalfa species collected from different geographical locations which supports our findings.

    Table 2: ADF, NDF and digestible dry matter contents of hungarian vetch and oat silages.


           
    When the DMC values are examined (Table 2), the highest DMC ratio was obtained from 100% Hungarian vetch silage with 2.65%, while the lowest DMC ratio was obtained from 100% oat silage with 2.18%. In the hay trade, the picture has not changed in terms of relative feed values by Redfearn et al., (2012), which is the most important criterion in determining the price of hay. While the highest relative feed value was obtained from 100% Hungarian vetch silage with 132.58, the lowest relative feed value was obtained from 100% oat silage with 97.15 (Table 3).

    Table 3: Dry matter intake, relative feed value and lactic acid content of hungarian vetch and oat silages.


           
    Lactic acid bacteria are the most important members of microorganisms in silage during fermentation period. The amount and composition of organic acids during silage fermentation determines the quality of fermentation (Filya, 2002). It was reported by many investigators that lactic acid ratio should be higher than 2% in a quality silage (Kilic, 1986; Alcicek and Ozkan, 1997). The results obtained were close to 2%.
     
    Economic analysis of feed mixtures
     
    In the study, in addition to silage quality, economic efficiency of Hungarian vetch (Vicia pannonica Crantz) and oat (Avena sativa L.) planted at different mixture ratios was also evaluated. Accordingly, basic economic indicators such as total production cost, gross income, net income, unit cost and profitability ratio were calculated for each mix treatment. Profitability ratio was calculated as the ratio of net income to total costs and reflected the economic efficiency of production. Also, the unit cost (₺ /ton) value allowed an evaluation in terms of cost-effectiveness by expressing the expenditure made for one ton of silage production.
           
    All prices used in the economic analysis are based on market conditions in and around Mardin province as of 2024 (Table 4). Especially seed, fertilizer and service inputs are important items that directly affect the cost of production. Hungarian vetch seed (60₺/kg) is a high-cost input, while oat seed (17₺/kg) is lower cost. Other fixed inputs include labor, diesel, silage making and transportation costs.

    Table 4: Market unit prices of inputs used (2024).


           
    The total costs of production in 1 decare area according to different mixture ratios are presented in Table 5. According to the findings, total production cost decreases as the Hungarian vetch ratio decreases. While the total cost was 2,825₺/ha in the scenario with 100% Hungarian vetch, this value decreased to 2,685₺/ha in the 100% oat mixture (Table 5). This difference is mainly due to the cost of seed.

    Table 5: Production costs according to mix ratios.


           
    Gross income was calculated based on the yield (tons/ha) obtained for each mix ratio, taking into account the silage sale price (Table 6). The lowest yield was obtained from 100% Hungarian vetch (2.25 tons/ha) and the highest yield was obtained from 100% oat (100% OS) (3.6 tons/ha). Along with yields, gross income and net income values also increased. According to these results, the highest net income was obtained in 100% oat cultivation.

    Table 6: Economic evaluation according to different mixtures (for 1 decare).


           
    The profitability ratio shows the economic efficiency of production. While this ratio was 123% for 100% Hungarian vetch, it reached 275.4% for 100% oat mixture. Increasing oats in the mix ratios significantly increased profitability. Unit cost (₺/ton) represents the total expenditure for one ton of silage production and was the lowest (746₺/ton) in the 100% oats scenario. This shows the cost-effectiveness of oats. Additionally, as the proportion of Oats increases, both yield and net income increase, thus increasing the rate of profitability.
           
    Additionally, as the proportion of Oats increases, both yield and net income increase, thus increasing the rate of profitability. As a result of the economic analysis, 100% oat mixture was the most economically advantageous option with both the highest net income (7,395₺/da) and the lowest unit cost (746₺/ton). However, an integrated approach should be adopted when determining mixing ratios, taking into account both nutritional value and cost-effectiveness analysis.
           
    In the study, 100% Hungarian vetch had the highest values in terms of silage quality, but offered the lowest economic profitability. While 100% oats are the most economically profitable option, they are of lower quality, especially in terms of protein, digestibility and RFV. On the other hand, 50% HVS + 50% OS and 60% HVS + 40% OS mixtures stand out as balanced options in terms of both economic gain and quality. Moreover, these mixtures provide adequate protein levels, acceptable digestibility and high economic returns (Table 7).

    Table 7: Effect of different mixture ratios on silage quality and economic performance.


           
    Considering both cases together, a 50% HVS + 50% OS mix offers the optimal balance in terms of both efficiency and quality. Such stabilizing mixtures are important for quality-sensitive livestock enterprises such as milk and meat production. For producers focused solely on reducing feed costs, 100% oats may be economically attractive, but this may negatively impact animal performance in the long term.
     
    An economic assessment in the relation to sustainable agriculture and livestock policies
     
    Livestock sustainability in semi-arid regions is directly related not only to feed efficiency but also to economic production processes (Koç and Gül, 2018). In this study, when the technical and economic performances of different mixture ratios are considered, it is seen that especially the 50% Hungarian vetch + 50% oat mixture stands out with both high net income and low unit cost. This ratio represents the economic optimum point in roughage production and offers an important alternative in the creation of sustainable feed resources.
           
    In Türkiye, it is reported that there is an annual roughage deficit of approximately 8-10 million tons (TAGEM, 2022). Thus, such economically advantageous mix models at the regional level can play a strategic role in reducing the feed deficit and reducing dependence on feed imports. Especially in areas with high livestock potential but limited feed production, such as Eastern and Southeastern Anatolia, such mixtures can be considered as a cost-effective and local solution (Duru et al., 2019). Also, silage production with legume and cereal mixtures contributes to sustainable production systems both in terms of increasing soil fertility (biological nitrogen fixation) and providing protein balance in animal nutrition (Kacar and Katkat, 2010; Dewhurst et al., 2009). Accordingly, increasing the incentives of agricultural policies to support fodder crops production will increase both producer income and the quality of animal production by disseminating economically optimum mixing ratios (TOB, 2024b).
           
    Using forage crops as a mixture provides both balanced silage production in terms of nutritional value and supports economic sustainability. In the literature, it is reported that it is appropriate to use legumes at a maximum rate of 75% in order to increase the crude protein content in silages and this ratio is also advantageous in terms of the plants having similar vegetation periods (Kavut et al., 2014). In different legume-grain mixtures, legume ratios ranging between 50-75% give optimum results both technically (feed quality) and economically (cost/profitability). Therefore, the use of legumes in certain proportions with cereals can be considered an important strategy for sustainable livestock production (Avci and Koç, 2021; Aydın et al., 2015).
           
    In this study, Hungarian vetch and oat mixtures were evaluated; although the highest crude protein rate was obtained in 100% vetch treatment, the highest net income and balanced feed quality were obtained in 50% Hungarian vetch + 50% oat ratio. However, it is seen that mixtures containing 60-70% Hungarian vetch are also preferable for producers who want to obtain silage richer in protein.

    CONCLUSION

    As a result, it can be concluded that, a maximum of 75% legumes will be required in order to increase the crude protein content of the silages obtained by mixing the barley and grass pea. These two crops get mature close to each other during the vegetation periods. In terms of quality, the best result was obtained from 75% Hungarian Vetch + 25% oat. Besides, as a result of the economic analysis, cereal-legume mixtures stand out as an important alternative feed source to support sustainable animal husbandry activities in semi-arid areas by providing advantages in terms of both silage quality and economic performance. In particular, a 50% vetch + 50% oat mix could be specially promoted in fodder crop support programs as a strategic combination that provides both economic sustainability and feed quality together. Moreover, agricultural production planning in areas with limited rainfall can be revised based on this model.

    CONFLICT OF INTEREST

    The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

    REFERENCES


    1. Acosta Aragón, Y., Jatkauskas, J. and Vrotniakienė, V. (2012). The effect of a silage inoculant on silage quality, aerobic stability and meat production on farm scale. International Scholarly Research Notices. 2012(1): 345927.

    2. Açıkgöz, E. (1995). Forage Crops (2nd ed.). Uludağ University, Faculty of Agriculture, Press No: 7-025-0210, Bursa. 456 p.

    3. Açıkgöz, E. (2001). Forage crops. Uludag University Faculty of Agriculture Publications, No: 166.

    4. Agricultural Economics Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (Republic of Türkiye) (TEAE). (2024). Report on forage crop production costs in Turkey. https://www.teae. gov.tr/yem-bitkileri-2024 [Access date: 05.01.2024].

    5. Alcicek, A. and Ozkan, K. (1997). A Study on determination of silage quality by chemical and physical analysis in the fermantated silage. Turkey I. Congress of silage. 19 September 1997. Bursa, pp. 241-246.

    6. Altınok, S. (2002). A study on the determination of silage quality characteristics of barley, Hungarian vetch and hairy vetch mixed at different ratios. Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 8(3): 232-237.

    7. Anonymous, (1993). Bestimmung des pH-Wertes. In: Die chemischen Untersuchungen von Futtermitteln. Teil 18 Silage. Abschnit 18.1 Bestimmung des pH-Wertes. Methodenbuch Bd. III., VDLUFAV Verlag, Darmstadt.

    8. Anonymous, (2015a). Access link: http://www.amasyadsyb.org/besleme/ lif.html [Access date: 05.11.2018].

    9. Anonymous, (2015b). Access link: http://www.amasyadsyb.org/besleme/ lif.html [Access date: 05.11.2018].

    10. Arslan, M., Erdurmuþ, C., Öten, M., Aydınoğlu, B. and Çakmakçı, S. (2017). Quality charecteristics of sorghum and some plants silages mixed at different rates. Journal of Tekirdag Agricultural Faculty. 14(02): 34-41.

    11. Avci, M. and Koç, A. (2021). Effect of cereals and legumes on protein and energy balance in mixed silages. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Natural Sciences. 8(1): 45-52. 

    12. Avellaneda, J.H., Pinos-Rodríguez, J.M., González, S.S., Bárcena, R., Hernández, A., Cobos, M. and Montañez, O. (2009). Effects of exogenous fibrolytic enzymes on ruminal fermentation and digestion of Guinea grass hay. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 149(1-2): 70-77.

    13. Avila, C.L.S. and Carvalho, B.F. (2019) Silage fermentation - updates focusing on the performance of microorganisms. Journal Appl Microbiol. 128(4): 966-984.

    14. Aydın, A., Tan, M. and Yüksel, S. (2015). Silage quality and nutritional values of mixed forage crops. Journal of Feed Science and Technology. 2(2): 88-94.

    15. Aydın, İ., Uzun, F. and Algan, D. (2015). Yield and nutritive values of some wild annual medic species collected from different geographical location. Anadolu Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 30(3): 275-280.

    16. Aykan, Y. and Saruhan, V. (2018). Determination of silage quality features of field Pea (Pisum sativum L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) mixtures ensiling at different rates. Dicle University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Journal. 11(2): 64-70.

    17. Bengisu, G. (2019). A study on the silage properties of hungarian vetch (Vicia pannonica Crantz.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) grass mixtures in different rates. Legume Research. 42(5): 680-683. doi: 10.18805/LR-494.

    18. Boz, İ. and Akbay, C. (2005). Attitudes of agricultural producers towards innovations: The GAP-Şanlıurfa case. Journal of Agricultural Economics. 11(2): 17-25.

    19. Bulgurlu, Ş. and Ergül, M. (1978). Physical, chemical and biological analysis methods of feeds. Ege University Press, Publication No: 127, İzmir. pp. 176.

    20. Carr, P.M., Horsley, R.D. and Poland, W.W. (2004). Barley, oat and cereal-pea mixtures as dryland forages in the northern Great Plains. Agronomy Journal. 96(3): 677-684.

    21. Carvalho, B.F., Sales, G.F.C., Schwan, R.F. and Ávila, C.L.S. (2021). Criteria for lactic acid bacteria screening to enhance silage quality. Journal of Applied Microbiology. 130(2): 341-355.

    22. Demirel, M., Cengiz, F., Erdoğan, S. and Çelik, S. (2003). A study on silage quality and rumen degradability of mixed silages containing different levels of sudangrass and hungarian vetch. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences. 27(4): 853-859.

    23. Demirel, R., Saruhan, V., Baran, M.S. andiç, N. and Demirel, D.Ş. (2010). Determination of different ratios of Trifolium repens and Hordeum vulgare mixtures on silage quality. Yüzüncü Yıl University Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 20(1): 26-31.

    24. Dewhurst, R. (2013). Milk production from silage: Comparison of grass, legume and maize silages and their mixtures. Agricultural and Food Science. 22(1): 57-69.

    25. Dewhurst, R.J., Delaby, L., Moloney, A., Boland, T. and Lewis, E. (2009). Nutritive value of forage legumes used for grazing and silage. Irish Journal of Agricultural and Food Research. 48(2): 167-187.

    26. Dewhurst, R.J., Scollan, N.D., Lee, M.R.F., Ougham, H.J. and Humphreys, M.O. (2009). Forage breeding and management to increase the beneficial fatty acid content of ruminant products. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. 62(2): 329-336.

    27. Duru, M., Demirtaş, Z. and Altın, M. (2019). Roughage production potential and evaluation opportunities in Turkey. Journal of Agricultural Economics Research. 25(2): 103-112.

    28. Ergün, A., Tuncer, Ş.D., Çolpan, İ., Yalçın, S., Yıldız, G., Küçükersan, M.K., Küçükersan, S., Şehu, A. and Saçaklı, P. (2013). Feeds, feed hygiene and technology. Extended 5th edition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara.

    29. Erkuş, A., Bülbül, M., Kıral, T., Alemdar, T. And Demirci, R. (2013). Agricultural economics. Ankara: Atatürk University Faculty of Agriculture Publications.

    30. Eskandari, H., Ghanbari, A. and Javanmard, A. (2009). Intercropping of cereals and legumes for forage production. Notulae Scientia Biologicae. 1(1): 07-13.

    31. Fabiszewska, A.U., Zielińska, K.J. and Wróbel, B. (2019). Trends in designing microbial silage quality by biotechnological methods using lactic acid bacteria inoculants: A minireview. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology. 35(5): 1-8.

    32. FAO. (2017). The future of food and agriculture: Trends and challenges.  Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

    33. Fayetörbay, D., Dumlu, G.Z. and Tan, M. (2011). Determination of silage values of forage pea-wheat and forage peameadow grass mixtures. IX. Turkish Field Crops Congress, 12-15 September 2011, Bursa-Türkiye.

    34. Filya, İ. (2002). The effects of lactic acid bacterial inoculants on the fermentation, aerobic stability and in situ rumen degradability characteristics of maize and sorghum silages. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences. 26(4): 815-823

    35. Güre, E. (2016). An investigation on usage possibilities of sweet sorghum (Sorghum Bicolor (L.) Moench Var. Saccharatum) and black eyed-pea (Vigna Unguiculata (L.) Walp.) mixture for silage. (M.Sc). Ege University Institute of Natural and Applied Science, İzmir.  

    36. Hazell, P.B.R. and Norton, R.D. (1986). Mathematical programming for economic analysis in agriculture. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company.

    37. Ibrahim, M., Ayub, M., Maqbool, M.M., Nadeem, S.M., ul Haq, T., Hussain, S. and Lauriault, L.M. (2014). Forage yield components of irrigated maize-legume mixtures at varied seed ratios. Field Crops Research. 169: 140-144.

    38. Kacar, B. and Katkat, A.V. (2010). Fertilizers and fertilization techniques. Nobel Publishing.

    39. Kalaycı, M. (2005). Examples of Jump usage and variance analysis models for agricultural research. Anatolian Agricultural Research Institute Publications, Publication (21). pp. 296. 

    40. Kandemir, N., Koç, A. and Tahtacıoğlu, L. (2010). The current situation and development opportunities of forage crop production in Turkey. Proceedings of the 7th Field Crops Congress of Turkey. (2): 899-902.

    41. Kavut, Y.T., Kaplan, M. and Gül, M. (2014). Comparison of silage quality and crude protein content in different legume-cereal mixtures. Journal of Field Crops Central Research Institute. 23(1): 41-48.

    42. Khafipour, E., Li, S., Plaizier, J.C. and Krause, D.O. (2009). Rumen microbiome composition determined using two nutritional models of subacute ruminal acidosis. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 75(22): 7115-7124.

    43. Kilic, A. (1986). Silo feed teaching, learning and application suggestions. Bilgehan Publishing House, İzmir, pp. 264.

    44. Koç, A. and Gül, M. (2018). Forage crop cultivation and the effect- iveness of support policies in Turkey. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Natural Sciences. 5(2): 153-160.

    45. Morrison, J.A. (2003). Hay and pasture management, Chapter 8. Extension educator, crop systems rockford extension center. http:// iah. aces.uiuc.edu/pdf/Agronomy _HB/ 08chapter.

    46. Piltz, J., Rodham, C., Walker, J., Matthews, P., Hackney, B. and Wilkins, J. (2011). Cereal based forage crops for hay and silage production. In Annual Grasslands Conference: Grassland Farmers-Opportunýtýes, Threats and Realıtıe. The Grassland  Society of NSW Inc. (pp. 81-87)

    47. Redfearn, D., Zhang, H. and Caddel, J. (2012). Forage quality Inter- pretations. Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service. PSS-2117, p:4, Available from URL: http://pss.okstate. edu/publications/publications-masterlist/copy_of_ publications/ forages/PSS-2117web.pdf [Access date: 01.01.2019].

    48. Sadeghpour, A., Jahanzad, E., Esmaeili, A., Hosseini, M.B. and Hashemi, M. (2013). Forage yield, quality and economic benefit of intercropped barley and annual medic in semi-arid conditions: Additive series. Field Crops Research. 148: 43-48.

    49. Seydosoglu, S. (2019). Effects of different mixture ratios of grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare) on quality of silage. Legume Research. 42(5): 666-670. doi: 10.18805/LR-468.

    50. Sohail, S., Ansar, M., Skalicky, M., Wasaya, A., Soufan, W., Ahmad Yasir, T and EL Sabagh, A. (2021). Influence of tillage systems and cereals-legume mixture on fodder yield, quality and net returns under rainfed conditions. Sustainability. 13(4): 2172.

    51. TAGEM (General Directorate of Agricultural Research and Policies). (2022). Report on forage crop production potential. https:// www.tagem.gov.tr [Access date: 18.05.2022]. 

    52. Tekce, E. and Gül, M. (2014). The Importance of NDF and ADF in Ruminant Nutrition. Atatürk University Journal of Veterinary Sciences. 9(1): 63-73.

    53. TOB, (Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (Republic of Türkiye). (2024a). Fertilizer and seed price bulletin. https://www. tarimorman.gov.tr [Access date: 15.10.2024]. 

    54. TOB, (Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (Republic of Türkiye). (2024b). Communiqué and implementation guide on forage crop subsidies. https://www.tarimorman.gov.tr [Access date: 15.10.2024].

    55. TUIK (Turkish Statistical Institute). (2021). https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/ ?kn=92andlocale=tr [Access date: 12.10.2022]. 

    56. Yang, W.Z. and Beauchemin, K.A. (2009). Increasing physically effective fiber content of dairy cow diets through forage proportion versus forage chop length: Chewing and ruminal pH. Journal of Dairy Science. 92(4): 1603-1615.

    57. Yılmaz, S., Mut, H. and Acar, Z. (2019). The importance of legume- cereal mixtures in closing the roughage deficit. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Natural Sciences. 6(3): 403-410.
    In this Article
      Contact us
      Follow us
      Published In
      Legume Research

      Editorial Board

      View all (0)