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Legume Research, volume 44 issue 11 (november 2021) : 1328-1332

Yield of Spring Grown Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) under Different Doses of Soil Applied Phosphorus in An Agroecology of Semi-arid Highlands with Mediterranean Climate

Sipan Soysal1,*
1Department of Plant and Animal Production, Kurtalan Vocational High School, Siirt University, 56500, Kurtalan-Siirt, Turkey.

  • Submitted19-07-2021|

  • Accepted27-08-2021|

  • First Online 16-09-2021|

  • doi 10.18805/LRF-642

Cite article:- Soysal Sipan (2021). Yield of Spring Grown Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) under Different Doses of Soil Applied Phosphorus in An Agroecology of Semi-arid Highlands with Mediterranean Climate . Legume Research. 44(11): 1328-1332. doi: 10.18805/LRF-642.

ABSTRACT

Background: This study was carried out to determine the effects of different phosphorus doses on the flowering, yield and yield components of spring grown chickpea crop under the ecological conditions of Siirt province in the experimental field of Siirt University, Faculty of Agriculture, Field Crops Department during two seasons in 2018 and 2019.

Methods: The study was carried out in randomized complete blocks design with three replications. Before planting, 140 kg ha-1 of DAP fertilizer (18.46.0) was spreaded and incorporated into the soil with a rake. Following emergence of plants, TSP fertilizer (0.42.0) was spreaded to the plots at doses of 0, 30, 60, 90 kg ha-1 P2O5 into the mellow humid soil.

Result: All observed parameters were effected from phosphorus application doses. Based on different P doses, two years’ average plant height, first pod height; main branch number, flower number per plant, pod number per plant, grain number per plant, 100 grain weight and grain yield values were determined as 51,25-55,91 cm; 29,17-35,98 cm; 2,10-2,97 piece plant-1; 39,00-57,86 piece plant-1; 18,87-27,92 piece plant-1; 18,00-27,33 piece plant-1; 29,92-33,41 g and 969-1565 kg ha-1, respectively. Highest values for all parameters were obtained from 60 kg ha-1 P2O5 but further dose (60 kg ha-1 P2O5) resulted with reduction from top values for all parameters.

INTRODUCTION

Pulses are important sources of vegetal proteins (Bildirici, 2020). Grains of pulses are rich in leucine, lysine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid and arginine which provide balanced amino acid profiles when mixed with cereals for consumption (Mohammed et al., 2014; Khadraji et al., 2020). They also contain essential vitamins, minerals and dietary fibre (Toðay et al., 2005; Chandra-Hioe et al., 2016; Soysal et al., 2020).
       
Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is an economically important pulse (Gaur et al., 2011; Ramchander et al., 2020). It is a very important cool-season crop which provides nutritious food for the expanding global population and will probably become more important under changing climate conditions (Merga and Haji, 2019; Uçar and Erman, 2020). Chickpea production ranks third among pulses with an annual production of approximately 10 million tons (Muehlbauer and Sarker, 2017). It is an important legume mainly grown in rainfed areas (Deokar et al., 2011). Climate change and increasing cropping intensity force chickpea to be cultivation in higher temperature environments (Paul et al., 2018). Flowering time and crop growth duration are important traits on its adaptation to diversified climatic conditions. Early flowering and early maturing habits increase its adaptation to short seasons. In a study, days to flowering was found correlated positively with days to maturity, number of pods/plant, number of seeds/plant and seed yield/plant (Gaur et al., 2015).
       
High temperature and drought are major limiting factors for chickpea production and growth worldwide (Ceylan et al., 2013). This species is a heat sensitive crop and its yield sharply reduces under temperatures exceeding 35°C (Kaushal et al., 2011). Heat damages chickpea crop both at vegetative and reproductive growth stages (Kumar et al., 2012). In an experiment conducted in a temperature gradient tunnel, chickpea yield decline with increasing temperature was 6.8% per degree temperature rise (Chakrabarti et al., 2013). Chickpea as a winter crop which experiences heat stress very often during reproductive stages but plants built up diversified mechanisms to cope with heat stress (Kumar et al., 2020).
       
It is common to grow chickpea in semi-arid and Mediterranean regions where drought alone is responsible for up to 50% annual yield losses (Kumar et al., 2019). Drought stress significantly reduce chickpea yields but crop adaptation to water limited condition is regulating the water supply to demand balance (Sivasakthi et al., 2018).
       
Input-intensive agriculture is depleting non-renewable phos phorus reserves worldwide. This condition increased the repeated interest on efficient use of phosphorus fertilizers in crop production to enhance profitability and mitigate environmental problems related with fertilizer phosphorus application where low availability of this nutrient in soil is a main productivity limitation for crops (Venkatesh et al., 2019). Phosphorus deficiency in soils is a major factor reducing chickpea yields (Ditta et al., 2018). Low phosphorus availability in alkaline soils in arid or semi-arid regions decreases chickpea productivity (Israr et al., 2016). The efficient phosphorus management in agriculture is still a challenge with changing climate conditions (Jin et al., 2013). Phosphorus fertilization of soils is increasing the production costs and resulting with environmental harms (Rajwar et al., 2018). In a pot trial with four chickpea genotypes, with sand-soil mixture media containing low available phosphorus, plants were water-stressed or well-watered at the reproductive stage. Water stress reduced shoot growth and shoot phosphorus content for all genotypes but increased water-use efficiency (Sharma et al., 2021).
       
The aim of this study is to determine the change in chickpea yield and yield components under different phosphorus doses in hot (spring) semi-arid rainfed conditions in South Eastern Anatolia highland conditions where Mediterranean climate prevails.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This study was carried out to determine the effects of different phosphorus doses on the flowering, yield and yield components of chickpea crop under the ecological conditions of Siirt province, in the experimental field of Siirt University Faculty of Agriculture Field Crops Department during two seasons in 2018 and 2019.
       
Azkan variety registered by a private company was used as chickpea seed in the trials. Azkan variety is an upright growing, early and drought and cold tolerant variety. The climatic data of the research location are given in Table 1.
 

Table 1: Meteorogical data of the research area**.


       
Average temperatures during 2018 growth season were higher than the long term averages. In 2019, average temperatures were close to the long term averages. While the total amount of precipitation was similar to the long-term average in 2018, it was higher in 2019. While the average relative humidity values of 2018 were similar to the long term average, 2019 values were higher. The soils of the experimental area were high in water holding capacity, slightly alkaline, calcareous, poor in organic matter, nitrogen and phosphorus content and rich in potassium content.
       
Previous crop in rotation was wheat. In autumn, the trial area was machine plowed. Just before planting in the spring, cultivator and then harrow were applied to the field. Before planting, 140 kg ha-1 of DAP fertilizer (18.46.0) was spreaded and incorporated into the soil with a rake. The study was carried out in randomized complete blocks design with three replications. Sowing lines were determined by a hand marker. Sowing was done by hand in the first week of March (on dates 01.03.2018 in the first year and 03.03.2019 in the second year), with 30 cm interrow spacing, 5 m row length, 5 rows per plot and 60 plants m-2 seeding density. Distances between plots and blocks were 2 m and 3 m, respectively. Following emergence of plants, TSP fertilizer (0.42.0) was spreaded to the plots at doses of 0, 30, 60, 90 kg ha-1 P2O5 into the mellow humid soil. Research fields recieved precipitations in following days after phosphorus (P) applications in both years. Rainfed cultivation was applied without any irrigation. Weed struggle was conducted by hand. Pesticide was used for anthracnose disease. Pesticide was Antracol WP 70 (70% propineb) and applied at a dose of 200 g/100 L water. No soil cultivation was applied during crop growth. Date of flowering in the first and second years were 18.05.2018 and 21.05.2019, respectively. The flowers of the randomly selected plants in the plots were counted at full bloom stage. Before observation and harvesting, one row from the edges of the plots and 0.5 m from the both ends of the plots cut out. 10 plants selected from the remaining plants for observations, except grain yield parameter. Plant height, first pod height, main branch number per plant, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per plant, 100-grain weight and grain yield were investigated. For grain yield determination, parcel harvest was applied. Harvest dates for first and second years were 02.07.2018 and 04.07.2019, respectively. The plants were hand harvested and threshed in the first week of July. The data obtained as a result of the trials were analyzed in the JMP statistical package program.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

All parameters, except main branch number and 100 grain weight were lower in 2018 compared to 2019 (Table 2, 3 and 4). All observed parameters were effected from phosphorus (P) doses. Highest values for all parameters were obtained from 60 kg ha-1 P2O5 but further dose (60 kg ha-1 P2O5) resulted with reduction from top values for all parameters (Table 2, 3 and 4).
 

Table 2: Plant height, first pod height and main branch number values determined in the study.


 

Table 3: Flower number per plant, pod number per plant and grain number per plant values determined in the study.


 

Table 4: 100 grain weight and grain yield values determined in the study.


       
Two years’ average plant height values were lowest (51,25 cm) at control (0 kg ha-1 P2O5) application and highest (55,91 cm) at 60 kg ha-1 P2O5 application dose (Table 2). Average plant height values in 2018 and 2019 were 53,14 cm and 53,85 cm, respectively. Two years average first pod height values were lowest (29,17 cm) at control (0 kg ha-1 P2O5) application and highest (35,98 cm) at 60 kg ha-1 P2O5 application dose (Table 2). Average first pod height values in 2018 and 2019 were 31,91 cm and 33,51 cm, respectively.
       
Averages of two years’ main branch number values were lowest (2,10 and 2,27 piece plant-1) at control (0 kg ha-1 P2O5) and 30 kg ha-1 P2O5 applications, respectively. This parameter was highest (2,97 piece plant-1) at 60 kg ha-1 P2O5 application dose (Table 2). Averages of two years flower number per plant values were lowest (39,00 piece plant-1) at control (0 kg ha-1 P2O5) application and highest (57,86 piece plant-1) at 60 kg ha-1 P2O5 application dose (Table 3). Average flower number per plant  values in 2018 and 2019 were 45,0 piece plant-1 and 51,33 piece plant-1, respectively.
       
Two years’ average pod number per plant values were lowest (18,87 piece plant-1) at control (0 kg ha-1 P2O5) application and highest (27,92 piece plant-1) at 60 kg ha-1 P2O5 application dose (Table 3). Average pod number per plant values in 2018 and 2019 were 22,45 piece plant-1 and 24,51 piece plant-1, respectively. Two years’ average grain number per plant values were lowest (18,00 piece plant-1) at control (0 kg ha-1 P2O5) application and highest (27,33 piece plant-1) at 60 kg ha-1 P2O5 application dose (Table 3). Average grain number per plant values in 2018 and 2019 were 21,62 piece plant-1 and 23,80 piece plant-1, respectively.
       
Averages of two years 100 grain weight values were lowest (29,92 g) at control (0 kg ha-1 P2O5) application and highest (33,41 g) at 60 kg ha-1 P2O5 application dose (Table 4). Averages of two years grain yield values were lowest (969 kg ha-1) at control (0 kg ha-1 P2O5) application and highest (1565 kg ha-1) at 60 kg/ha P2O5 application dose (Table 4). Average grain number per plant values in 2018 and 2019 were 1199 kg ha-1 and 1328 kg ha-1, respectively.
       
Values for plant height, first pod height, flower number per plant, pod number per plant, grain number per plant and grain yield parameters were lower in 2018 compared to 2019 (Table 2, 3 and 4). In 2018, monthly average temperatures were higher and precipitation were lower in 2018 compared to 2019 (Table 1). Hot and drought conditions in 2018 found reflection in these yield related parameters. High temperature and drought are major limiting factors for chickpea production and growth as mentioned by Ceylan et al. (2013). Chickpea is a heat sensitive crop hence its potential yield is considerably reduced under high temperatures exceeding 35°C (Kaushal et al., 2011) and heat damages chickpea crop at its both vegetative and reproductive stages (Kumar et al., 2012). Chickpea is a crop commonly grown in semi-arid tropics and Mediterranean regions, its yield gets affected by abiotic stresses with drought alone being responsible for up to 50% annual loss of yield (Kumar et al., 2019). Terminal drought stress leads to substantial annual yield losses in chickpea (Sivasakthi et al., 2018).
       
All observed parameters were effected from phosphorus (P) application doses. Highest values for all parameters were obtained from 60 kg ha-1 P2O5 but further dose (60 kg ha-1 P2O5) resulted with reduction from top values for all parameters (Table 2, 3 and 4). In a pot trial with four chickpea genotypes, with sand-soil mixture media containing low available phosphorus, plants were water-stressed or well-watered at the reproductive stage in the study of Sharma et al., (2021) and determined that water stress reduced shoot growth of chickpeas. Phosphorus deficiency in soils is a major factor reducing chickpea yields (Ditta et al., 2018; Israr et al., 2016).

CONCLUSION

Plant available phosphorus content in soils was a major factor for chickpea yields and yield related parameters in the study. All observed parameters were effected from phosphorus doses. Highest values for all parameters were obtained from 60 kg ha-1 P2O5 but further dose (60 kg ha-1 P2O5) resulted with reduction from top values for all parameters and which is a waste of resource according to the results obtained under agroecology of semi-arid highlands with Mediterranean climate in Turkey. High temperature and drought stress has a significant effect on spring grown chickpeas under this conditions.

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