Legume Research

  • Chief EditorJ. S. Sandhu

  • Print ISSN 0250-5371

  • Online ISSN 0976-0571

  • NAAS Rating 6.80

  • SJR 0.391

  • Impact Factor 0.8 (2024)

Frequency :
Monthly (January, February, March, April, May, June, July, August, September, October, November and December)
Indexing Services :
BIOSIS Preview, ISI Citation Index, Biological Abstracts, Elsevier (Scopus and Embase), AGRICOLA, Google Scholar, CrossRef, CAB Abstracting Journals, Chemical Abstracts, Indian Science Abstracts, EBSCO Indexing Services, Index Copernicus
Submit

Full Research Article

Legume Research, volume 47 issue 11 (november 2024) : 1921-1928

Quercetin-infused Flax Seed Polymer: A Seed Quality Booster and It’s Impact on Green Gram (Vigna radiata L.)

M. Pavithra1, V. Manonmani1,*, K. Malarkodi1, D.D. Uma2, P.S. Kavitha3, K. Raja4
1Department of Seed Science and Technology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore-641 003, Tamil Nadu, India.
2Department of Biochemistry, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore- 641 003, Tamil Nadu, India.
3Nammalvar Organic Farm Research Centre, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore- 641 003, Tamil Nadu, India.
4Department of Nanotechnology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore- 641 003, Tamil Nadu, India.

  • Submitted14-09-2024|

  • Accepted21-10-2024|

  • First Online 14-11-2024|

  • doi 10.18805/LR-5420

Cite article:- Pavithra M., Manonmani V., Malarkodi K., Uma D.D., Kavitha P.S., Raja K. (2024). Quercetin-infused Flax Seed Polymer: A Seed Quality Booster and It’s Impact on Green Gram (Vigna radiata L.) . Legume Research. 47(11): 1921-1928. doi: 10.18805/LR-5420.

ABSTRACT

Background: Guava leaves (Psidium guajava L.) are rich in quercetin, a flavonoid with antioxidant properties. Flaxseed polysaccharide, has a potential for organic polymer synthesis, is infused with quercetin to enhance the planting value of green gram seeds.

Methods: The study was carried out in the Department of Seed Science and Technology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore during the year of 2022-2024 to standardize the impact of flaxseed polymer infused with quercetin. The mucilage method was used for polymer extraction and treated over green gram (Vigna radiata L.) seeds to assess the physiological and biochemical traits. The degradability of flaxseed polymer was studied by assessing pH, EC and organic carbon content in the soil. The Field trial was carried out, in order to evaluate the potential of flaxseed polymer infused with quercetin @ 1% over pod yield ha-1.

Result: The flaxseed polymer infused with quercetin @ 1% resulted in increased speed of germination (32.99), germination per cent (98%), root length (16.6 cm), shoot length (19.1 cm), dry matter production (0.216 g 10 seedlings-1) and vigour index (3499). The degradability studies indicated the changes in pH from 7.88 to 7.72, increased EC from 0.51 to 0.63 and improved soil organic carbon content 0.56 to 0.84. Increased plant height (36.6 cm), leaf area index (6.082), chlorophyll content (44.6 @ 40 DAS) and increased seed yield of 631.6 kg ha-1 was recorded. Hence, seeds coated with flaxseed polymer infused with quercetin @ 1% could be recommended as eco-friendly pre sowing seed treatment to enhance germination, root growth, seedling vigour and crop productivity.

INTRODUCTION

Green gram (Vigna radiata L.) seeds enhances soil fertility by fixing atmospheric nitrogen, which enriches the soil with essential nutrients and their deep roots help in preventing soil erosion and maintaining soil health. It is mainly grown in arid and semi-arid regions and plays important role towards achieving improved human nutrition and health conditions, reducing poverty through food security and enhancing ecosystem resilience as a source of human food, animal feed, soil nitrogen and soil health. Statistics showed that though average area under production has been growing since 1978, average production has been fluctuating and consumption increasing steadily upholding constant deficit which is catered for through imports. The country’s average green gram yield ranges between 0.5-0.6 ton/ha compared to crop potential of 1.5 ton/ha and global average yield of 0.73 tons/ha by Muchomba et al. (2023).

Guava (Psidium guajava L.) is a widely cultivated fruit tree known for its nutritional and medicinal properties. Guava leaves contain various bioactive compounds, including quercetin (Magar et al., 2020), which is a flavonoid with antioxidant properties. Several studies have reported the potential of guava leaf extracts in promoting plant growth and enhancing crop yield due to their allelopathic effect and nutrient content. According to Afzal et al. (2016), high-quality seed has the ability to boost food security and productivity. Plant uniformity is a sign of seed vigour. To guarantee consistent field establishment with highest yield, farmers and growers are always in want of for premium seeds (Ventura et al., 2012). A number of agronomic and environmental factors such as effective fertilization, mother crop nutrition, edaphic and environmental conditions during development and maturation, harvesting at physiological maturity, appropriate drying and post-harvest handling procedures are having an impact on seed quality during seed production.

Over the past 30 years, various techniques have been used to enhance seeds including film coating, encrusting, pelleting, magnetic stimulation, hardening, priming and pre-germination (Farooq et al., 2021). Among those film coating with active chemicals with a quick-drying polymer, has gained popularity for its ease of application, minimal impact on seed size, shape and protection against pests and diseases. Seed coating involves applying nutrients, protective layers and other substances to improve seed performance under various conditions Sohail et al. (2022). However, long-term use of synthetic polymers can increase pollution, soil degradation and contamination, potentially affecting human health.

Mucilage-extracted flaxseed polymers, which are polysaccharides, have been studied for their potential as bioadhesives. They contain lignin polysaccharides contributing to fibre-rich characteristics and salts of polymerized aldotetronic acid including d-xylose, l-rhamnose, l-galactose and d-galacturonic acid. Their gel-forming ability after heating makes them useful as thickeners and stabilizers in the food industry. This study examines the degradation of flaxseed polymer and its effect on green gram seed quality focusing on polymers enriched with quercetin Bhagat et al., (2019) to determine the best polymer for seedling survival.
 

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The laboratory and field experiments were carried out in the year 2023 - 2024 at Department of Seed Science and Technology, TNAU, Coimbatore by adapting completely randomized block design and randomized block design with five treatments and five replications (Fig 1).

Fig 1: Experiment plot - field view on crop growth of green gram cv. CO 8.


 
Preparation of mucilage extracted polymer from flaxseeds
 
Mucilage extraction
 
Thirty grams of flaxseeds were soaked in 900 ml of distilled water overnight. The mucilage was then extracted by filtration and centrifuged for 15 minutes at 10,000 rpm. To isolate the polysaccharide, 30 ml of acetone was added and the beaker was submerged in a 90°C hot water bath for 30 minutes (Fig 2).

Fig 2: Preparation of mucilage extracted polymer from flaxseeds.


 
Polymer preparation
 
The extracted polysaccharide (2 g), agar (3 g), and turmeric powder (0.5 g) were added to a 50 ml beaker (Fig 1). The beaker was placed in a 90°C hot water bath for 20 minutes, then cooled in a desiccator. 

Preparation of flaxseed polymer coating formulation

The seed coating polymer was formulated using flaxseed polymer (100 g), citric acid (2 ml) as a natural preservative, turmeric powder (5 g) as a natural colorant and quercetin (1 ml) (Fig 2). Citric acid was extracted from ripe lemons, centrifuged at 5000 rpm for 10 minutes and the supernatant was used. Turmeric powder, rich in curcumin, was sourced from Orgrain India Pvt. Ltd.
 
Treatment details
 
The green gram seeds were coated with flaxseed polymer and the treatment details are given below:


 
Observations
 
Seed physical traits
 
Thousand seed weight and seed moisture content were estimated as per the protocol described in the seed testing manual. The germination test was conducted by following the procedure outlined in ISTA (2019). After 7 days, the root and shoot length was measured from the collar region to the tip of the primary root and tip of the shoot respectively. Also, dry weight was recorded and vigour index were computed as per Abdul-Baki and Anderson (1973).
 
Biochemical traits
 
Biochemical traits such as a-amylase, dehydrogenase, catalase and peroxidase activity were carried out by Simpson and Naylor (1962), Kittock and Law (1968), Sinha (1972) and Singh et al. (1982) respectively.
 
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis of the seed surface
 
The sample were examined by (Bal tec model SCD 050), with a scanning electron microscope (JEOL-JSM IT 300) at 15 kV.
 
Degradability of organic polymer
 
Degradability of flaxseed polymer was studied as per Kato et al. (2017). The soil sample was analysed for its chemical properties before burial of polymer ball and after complete degradation of polymer balls.


 
Physiological attributes under field condition
 
Plant height, days for 50% flowering and leaf area index was observed in 25 randomly tagged plants in each plot and chlorophyll content were assessed using chlorophyll meter (Model CCM 200 plus) under vegetative, flowering and harvesting stage in each treatment.
 
Yield attributes under field condition
 
Number of pods/plant/plot/ha and seed yield/plant/plot/ha were observed in each treatment and seed recovery percentage was calculated under different treatments by comparing with the seeds under control condition.
 
Data analysis     
 
Variance analysis was conducted using Duncan’s multiple range test (DMRT), with significance at P<0.05. Data were tabulated with the means of four replicates and standard errors. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 16.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, USA).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This study evaluated the effect of flaxseed polymer and its combination with quercetin on green gram seeds by analysing physical, physiological and biochemical parameters. The aim was to enhance the planting value of green gram seeds using these treatments.
 
Physical parameters
 
The results showed no significant differences in seed physical parameters like thousand seed weight and moisture content among treatments. Flaxseed polymer formed a thin film around the seeds, maintaining their shape and weight (Table 1).

Table 1: Effect of flaxseed polymer and it’s formulation on stand establishment traits of green gram.



Physiological parameters
 
Flaxseed polymer infused with quercetin @ 1% significantly increased seed germination (98%) compared to control (82%) (Table 2). This treatment also reduced abnormal seedlings due to the presence of quercetin - a plant growth-promoting substances in the polymer, which enhances cell elongation (Wianowska et al., 2022). Also, quercetin has strong antioxidant properties which was confirmed by HPLC study at a peak range of 10.38 and 10.34 as reported by Hem et al. (2024) that will indirectly promotes the root growth under laboratory conditions. Quercetin acts as a scavenger, improving germination by reducing abnormal seedlings and dead seeds (Yang et al., 2021), Quercetin helps plants to tolerate stress (Singh et al., 2024) by improving osmoregulation. The presence of quercetin @ 1% influences processes like photosynthesis, hormone production, antioxidant renewal and cell division Foyer et al., (2024). The flaxseed polymer with quercetin significantly increased speed of germination, shoot and root length, dry matter production and vigour index (32.99, 16.6 cm, 19.1 cm, 0.216 g and 3499, respectively) (Tables 1 and 2). Quercetin also improved root fresh weight and length in various plants and enhanced root/shoot length by boosting chlorophyll content and photosynthesis (Yoon et al., 2021).

Table 2: Effect of flaxseed polymer and it’s formulation on seedling vigour parameters of green gram.


 
Biochemical parameters
 
Seeds treated with flaxseed polymer infused with  quercetin @ 1% showed a significant increase in antioxidant enzyme activity with peroxidase at 3.89DOD 430 mg-1 min-1 and catalase at 20.77 μg H2 O2/min/mg protein compared to control values (3.76 D OD 430 mg-1 min-1 and 20.32 μg H‚ O2 /min/mg protein) (Table 3). Tewari et al. (2023) observed increased catalase and peroxidase activity in safflower under drought stress when treated with polysaccharide-based polymers. Also, increased enzyme activity was due to the presence of nutraceutical property in quercetin and was reported by Mundhe et al. (2016) in aonla juice and Richika et al. (2022) over value added products of grapefruit (Citrus paradisi).

Table 3: Effect of flaxseed polymer and it’s formulation on biochemical parameters of green gram.


 
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis of the seed surface
 
No significant differences were observed in the seed coat structure between flaxseed polymer-coated and control seeds. Coated seeds recorded a length and breadth of 3.998 mm and 2.968 mm while control seeds measured 3.774 mm and 2.769 mm (Fig 3).

Fig 3: Structure of green gram seed coat and SEM image of flax seed polymer coated seeds.


 
Degradability of organic polymer
 
Concerns about polymers arise from their lack of degradability, landfill closures and pollution emphasizing the need for biodegradable options. Studying flaxseed polymer’s degradability is crucial. The degradability of polymer was studied by assessing the soil pH, EC and organic carbon content that will decide the period for complete disintegration in soil  (Sonkaria et al., 2022).

The biodegradability of flaxseed polymer was tested in soil under 60% moisture condition. Weight loss of polymer showed increased degradation over time and complete degradation were recorded in seven weeks for 1% quercetin and eight weeks for 2% concentration (Table 4). Slower degradation of polymer is due to preservative, colourant and active component, which are higher molecular weight compounds that degrade more slowly (Senesi et al., 2007).

Table 4: Effect on degradability of flaxseed polymer.


The soil properties, including pH, EC and organic carbon, were affected by flaxseed polymer. Soil pH decreased from 7.88 to 7.60 with flaxseed polymer, 7.72 with 1% quercetin and 7.53 with 2% quercetin. EC increased from 0.51 to 0.61 with flaxseed polymer, 0.63 with 1% quercetin, and 0.59 with 2%. Organic carbon rose from 0.56 to 0.60, 0.84 and 0.74 with flaxseed polymer, 1% and 2% quercetin (Table 5), possibly due to the active compounds acting as biostimulant (Alagoz and Yilmaz, 2009). This shows flaxseed polymer with 1% quercetin is fully degradable without harming soil health.

Table 5: Effect on soil properties before and after degradation of flaxseed polymer.


 
Physiological attributes under field condition
 
Plant height
 
Plants from treated seeds were observed with increased height at 20, 40 and 60 days after sowing compared to control. Notably, treatment with flaxseed polymer+Quercetin @ 1% showed significant height increases (11.7, 27.0 and 36.6 cm). Quercetin enhances root elongation and branching by interacting with auxins and cytokinin, crucial for root development and improves the availability of essential nutrient to the meristematic tissue of the plants even under stress condition as reported by Xu et al. (2020).
 
Days to 50% flowering
 
Treatments showed no significant effect on days to 50% flowering, but flaxseed polymer infused with quercetin @ 1% led to earlier flowering (58 DAS) (Fig 4). Quercetin likely improved root architecture, allowing better access to water and nutrients under stress. Agati et al. (2012) reported similar results with quercetin-treated maize showing improved root structure and drought tolerance.

Fig 4: Influence of flax seed polymer on 50% flowering of green gram.


 
Leaf area index
 
Results showed significant differences in treatments and their interaction with drought stress condition up to 20 days after sowing with flaxseed polymer infused with quercetin @ 1% (0.140) (Table 6). Quercetin aids in the synthesis of secondary metabolites, crucial for plant defence and resilience against pathogens (Santos et al., 2019).

Table 6: Effect of flaxseed polymer on physiological attributes of green gram (CO 8) under field condition.


 
Chlorophyll content
 
Flaxseed polymer infused with quercetin @ 1% showed no significant differences in chlorophyll content at flowering stages of green gram under field conditions. However, at the vegetative stage (20 DAS), a significant increase in chlorophyll content (44.6) was observed (Table 6) due to antioxidant properties by Nirbhay et al. (2023).

Table 6: Effect of flaxseed polymer on physiological attributes of green gram (CO 8) under field condition.


 
Yield attributes under field condition
 
Pod yield
 
Significant differences in pod yield (15.91 g/1.36 kg/1126 kg/ha) were observed in the treatment with flaxseed polymer infused with quercetin @ 1% (Table 7). Quercetin’s antioxidant properties likely protected root cells from oxidative damage Zhang et al. (2020) and the percentage of quercetin will be varied based on the nature of soil and that will influence over the final pod yield by Patil et al. (1995).

Table 7: Effect of flaxseed polymer on pod yield attributes of green gram (CO 8) under field condition.


 
Seed yield
 
Seed yield significantly increased in flaxseed polymer infused with quercetin @ 1%, with yields of 8.92 g/0.758 kg/631.6 kg/ha and a seed recovery rate of 56.54% (Table 8). Quercetin modulates root growth by interacting with auxins and cytokinin essential for root development by Tariq et al., (2023).

Table 8: Effect of flaxseed polymer on seed yield attributes of green gram (CO 8) under field condition.

 

CONCLUSION

This study demonstrate that flaxseed polymer infused with  quercetin @ 1% is an efficient seed coating method for enhancing the physical, physiological and biochemical traits of green gram seeds. The finding highlights flaxseed polymer as a natural bio-stimulant for sustainable agriculture and their potential applications in crop management practices.
 

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

As a part of Ph.D. research programme, the entire work was supported by Incotec India Private limited., Ahamedabad, Gujarat, India.
 
 Disclaimers

The views and conclusions expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of their affiliated institutions.
 

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

All authors declared that there is no conflict of interest.
 

REFERENCES


  1. Abdul Baki, A.A. and Anderson, J. D. (1973). Vigor determination in soybean seed by multiple criteria. Crop Science. 13(6): 630-633.

  2. Afzal, I., Shabir, R. and Rauf, S. (2016). Seed production technologies of some major field crops. Agronomic Crops: Production Technologies. 7(1): 655-678.

  3. Agati, G., Azzarello, E., Pollastri, S. and Tattini, M. (2012). Flavonoids as antioxidants in plants: location and functional significance.  Plant Science. 196(7): 67-76.

  4. Alagöz, Z. and Yilmaz, E. (2009). Effects of different sources of organic matter on soil aggregate formation and stability: A laboratory study on a Lithic Rhodoxeralf from Turkey. Soil and Tillage Research. 103(2): 419-424.

  5. Bhagat, Sakshi, Upma Dutta. and Tanika Mahajan. (2019). Antifungal activity of important botanicals against plant pathogens. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci. 10(6): 531-545.

  6. Farooq, M., Ahmad, R., Shahzad, M., Sajjad, Y., Hassan, A., Shah, M. M. and Khan, S. A. (2021). Differential variations in total flavonoid content and antioxidant enzymes activities in pea under different salt and drought stresses. Scientia Horticulturae. 287(6): 110-258.

  7. Foyer, C.H. and Kunert, K. (2024). The ascorbate-glutathione cycle coming of age. Journal of Experimental Botany. 75(9): 2682-2699.

  8. Hem, C.P., Indra, R., Harsh, V.P., Kumar, A., Kumar, P., Kaneez, F., Naveen, G. (2024). Comparison of antioxidant properties and flavonoid of natural and in vitro cultivated Nardostachys  jatamansi. Agricultural Science Digest. 44(3): 406- 413. doi:10.18805/ag.D-5654.

  9. ISTA. (2019). International Rules for Seed Testing. Switzerland: The International Seed Testing Association.

  10. Jackson, W. A., Flesher, D. and Hageman, R. H. (1973). Nitrate uptake by dark-grown corn seedlings: Some characteristics of apparent induction. Plant Physiology. 51(1): 120-127.

  11. Kato, M., Uedo, N., Hokimoto, S., Ieko, M., Higuchi, K., Murakami, K. and Fujimoto, K. (2017). Guidelines for gastroenterological endoscopy in patients undergoing antithrombotic treatment: Appendix on anticoagulants including direct oral. anticoagulants. Digestive Endoscopy. 30(4): 433-440.

  12. Kittock, D.L. and Law, A.G. (1968). Relationship of seedling vigour to respiration and tetrazolium chloride reduction by germinating wheat seeds. Agronomy Journal. 60(3): 286-288.

  13. Magar, R.T. and Sohng, J.K. (2020). A review on structure, modifications and structure-activity relation of quercetin and its derivatives. Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology. 5(30): 1- 11.

  14. Muchomba,  Mercy, K., Muindi, Esther, M., Jackson, M.M. (2023). Overview of green gram (Vigna radiata L.) crop, its economic importance, ecological requirements and  production constraints in kenya. Journal of Agriculture and Ecology Research International. 24(2): 2394-1073.

  15. Mundhe, S.K.S., Arvind, R.S., Bhanudas, M.P., Rajesh, B.K. and Kulkarni, S.P. (2016). Study on effect of custard apple leaf extract on physico-chemical properties of anola juice. Agricultural Research Communication Centre. 35(1): 81-84.

  16. Nirbhay, K., Ahmad, A.H., Anu, G., Munish, B., Disha, P., Srinivasu, M. (2023). A study of  polyphenolic compounds and in vitro antioxidant activity of Trianthema portulacastrum  Linn. Extracts. Indian Journal of Animal Research 57(5):  565-571. doi: 10.18805/IJAR.B-5069.

  17. Patil, B.S., Pike, L.M., Hamilton, B.K. (1995). Changes in quercetin concentration in onion (Allium cepa L.) owing to location, growth stage and soil type. EXCLI Journal. 130(4): 349- 355.

  18. Richika, G., Singla, N., Gupta, M., Jain, R, (2022). Sensory Attributes and Antioxidan Potential of Value-added Products of Grapefruit (Citrus paradisi). Asian Journal of Dairy and Food Research. 0976-0563.

  19. Santos, A. S., De Albuquerque, T. M. R., Brito Alves, J. L., De Souza, E. L. (2019). Effects of quercetin and resveratrol on in vitro properties related to the functionality of potentially probiotic Lactobacillus strains. Frontiers in Microbiology. 10(6): 2229. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02229. eCollection 2019.

  20. Senesi, N., Plaza, C., Brunetti, G. and Polo, A. (2007). A comparative survey of recent results on humic-like fractions in organic amendments and effects on native soil humic 

  21. substances. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 39(6): 1244- 1262.

  22. Simpson, G. M., Naylor, J. M. (1962). Dormancy studies in seed of Avena fatua: a relationship between maltase, amylases, and gibberellin. Canadian Journal of Botany. 40(12): 1659-1673.

  23. Singh, A. (1982). Chemical and biochemical aspects of superoxide radicals and related species of activated oxygen. Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology.  60(11): 1330-1345.

  24. Singh, M., Jyoti, Kumar, N. and Singh, H. (2024). Plant functional traits assisted crop adaptation to abiotic and biotic stress. In Plant Functional Traits for Improving Productivity. Springer Nature Singapore. 77(6): 239-255.

  25. Sinha, A. K. (1972). Colorimetric assay of catalase. Analytical biochemistry. 47(2): 389-394.

  26. Sohail, M., Pirzada, T., Opperman, C.H. and Khan, S.A. (2022). Recent advances in seed coating technologies: Transitioning toward sustainable agriculture. Green Chemistry. 24(16): 6052-6085.

  27. Sonkaria, S., Cho, J. H., Jo, H. S. and Kim, H. J. (2022). Biopolymer- Based Blends. In Handbook of Biopolymers. Springer Nature. pp: 1-29.

  28. Tariq, H., Asif, S., Andleeb, A., Hano, C. and Abbasi, B. H. (2023). Flavonoid production: Current trends in plant metabolic engineering and de novo microbial production. Metabolites. 3(1). 117-124.

  29. Tewari, G., Joshi, P. and Tewari, L. M. (2023). Modern Trends in Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. Indu Book Services Pvt. Limited.

  30. Ventura, L., Donà, M., Macovei, A., Carbonera, D., Buttafava, A., Mondoni, A. and Balestrazzi, A. (2012). Understanding the molecular pathways associated with seed vigor. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry. 60(5): 196-206.

  31. Walkley, A. and Black, I.A. (1934). An examination of different method for determining soil organic matter and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil Science. 37(2): 29-37.

  32. Wianowska, D., Olszowy-Tomczyk, M. and Garbaczewska, S. (2022). A Central Composite Design in increasing the quercetin content in the aqueous onion waste isolates with antifungal and antissoxidant properties. European Food Research and Technology. 248(2): 497-505.

  33. Xu, Z., Zhou, J., Ren, T., Du, H., Liu, H., Li, Y., Zhang, C. (2020). Salt stress decreases seedling growth and development but increases quercetin and kaempferol content in Apocynum venetum. Plant Biology. 22(5): 813-821.

  34. Yang, J., Zhang, L., Jiang, L., Zhan, Y. G. and Fan, G. Z. (2021). Quercetin alleviates seed germination and growth inhibition in Apocynum venetum and Apocynum pictum                

  35. under mannitol-induced osmotic stress. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry. 159(6): 268- 276.

  36. Yoon, H. I., Kim, H. Y., Kim, J., Oh, M. M. and Son, J. E. (2021). Quantitative analysis of UV- B radiation interception in 3D plant structures and intraindividual distribution                             

  37. of phenolic contents. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 22(5): 2698-2701.

  38. Zhang, Y. M., Zhang, Z. Y. and Wang, R. X. (2020). Protective mechanisms of quercetin against myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury. Frontiers in Physiology. 11(6): 932- 956.
Reviewed By

Download Article
In this Article
    Contact us
    Follow us

    Editorial Board

    View all (0)