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Enhancing Morpho-physiological Characters and Productivity of Kharif Groundnut Through Application of Plant Growth Retardants under East and South Eastern Coastal Zone of Odisha

S. Lenka1,*, G.S. Kumar1, S.K. Swain2, R.R. Dash3, K.C. Pradhan3, A.K. Sethy4
  • 0000-0002-9207-4503, 0009-0003-6970-4532, 0000-0009-8458-0885, 0009-0004-5284-8043, 0009-0001-2449-8240
1Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar-751 003, Orissa, India.
2Co-ordination Cell College, of Agriculture, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar-751 003, Orissa, India.
3OIC AICRP on Weed management, College of Agriculture, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar-751 003, Orissa, India.
4AICRP on Groundnut, College of Agriculture, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar-751 003, Orissa, India.

  • Submitted04-06-2024|

  • Accepted19-11-2024|

  • First Online 30-01-2025|

  • doi 10.18805/LR-5362

ABSTRACT

Background: Groundnut grown in kharif season incurs more vegetative growth with higher plant height which causes the upper aerial pegs not to reach the ground. So, less numbers of sound mature pods resulting in lower yield compared to other seasons. The aim of the following investigation was to examine the effect of different growth regulators on plant height including other morphological and physiological parameters of kharif groundnut.

Methods: The experiment was conducted during kharif sesaons of 2021 and 2022, taking three growth regulators with different concentrations in main plot i.e. Cycocel (CCC) @ 500 and 1000 ppm, Brassinosteroides (BR) @ 10 and 15 ppm, Maleic hydrazide (MH) @ 100 and 200 ppm and scheduling of applications in sub plots i.e. 30 DAS, 50 DAS and 30 and 50 DAS with an additional control for observation with cv. Dharani (TCGS-1043) variety.

Result: The application of cycocel @ 1000 ppm recorded lowest plant height with maximum no. of primary branches and leaves /plant compared to other growth regulators and control. All physiological parameters studied in the experiment were maximum under foliar spray  with CCC @ 1000 ppm. The scheduled application of growth regulators at 30 and 50 DAS decreased plant height, increased branches and leaves/plant significantly at different growth stages and also all physiological parameters compared to single 30 DAS and 50 DAS.

INTRODUCTION

Groundnut (Arachis hypogea L. 2n=4 x =40) referring to the formation of pods in the soil. It ranks as the 13th most significant food crop and 4th most important oilseed globally. It is also known as peanut, earthnut, monkey nut and energy capsule. The groundnut seed contains 47-53% oil and 26% protein and 11.5% starch. The haulm and oil cakes are used as valuable organic manures and feeding material for livestock containing 7.3% N; 1.5% P2O5 and 1.3% K2O. In India, it holds the title of “King of Vegetable Oil Seeds” and plays a crucial role in the national edible oil economy covering an area of 49.1 lakh ha in 2022-23 (Reddy, 2022). In India, it is grown in all the three seasons such as kharif, rabi and summer, but major por-tion of groundnut  i.e. around 85% of it is cultivated in kharif season covering an area of 45.53 lakh ha with production of 83.69 lakh tonnes (Kharif 2022-23, agricoop.nic). Odisha covers around 68000 ha under kharif groundnut having a production and productivity 101 th MT and 1465 kg/ha, respectively, 1.23 lakh ha with productivity of 1982 kg/ha in rabi season (Odisha Agriculture Statistics, 2018-19). The productivity of kharif groundnut is low in comparison to other two season due to more vegetative growth with higher plant height because of rainfall, which causes the upper aerial pegs not to reach the ground. This results in production of less numbers of sound mature pods and in turn less yields. Having indeterminate growth habit type, the vegetative and reproductive stage goes on simul-taneously till harvest of the crop. This can be altered by the application of specific growth regulators to regulate the plant metabolism and to modify apical dominance. Plant growth regulators are the organic compounds other than nutrients which in small amount promotes or inhibit or otherwise modify any physiological response in plants (Tukey et al., 1954). Cycocel (chlormequat), a plant growth regulator that inhibits plant growth, increases leaf density, retards stem elongation, extends shelf life and produces crops with shorter internodes, stronger stems, greener and thicker leaves. Brassinosteroids, steroid-based hormones in plants, regulate cell elongation, division, gravitropism, stress resistance and differentiation. Maleic hydrazide is a plant growth regulator used to reduce growth, increasing dry matter, chlorophyll content and promoting dormancy in seeds. With the above backgrounds in view, a field investigation was executed to evaluate the impact of several plant growth regulators at different concentration and scheduling on morphological and physiological parameters of kharif groundnut.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The present investigation was conducted at research field of AICRP on groundnut, Horticulture Research Station (HRS), Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar in the kharif season, 2021 and 2022. The soil of the experimental plot was sandy loam in texture. The experimental site received 1135.2 and 1042.9 mm rainfall in 2021 and 2022, respectively during crop growth period. The average maximum and minimum temperature were (32.5 and 24.6oC) and (33.1 and 25.6oC) in 2021 and 2023, respectively. The nutrient status of soil was medium in nitrogen (301 N kg/ha), high in phosphorus (34.3 P2O5 kg/ha) and medium in potassium (230 K2O kg/ha) and slightly acidic in nature having pH 5.6 and EC 0.42 dS/m. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with 18 treatment combinations. It consisted of three growth regulators at different concentrations in main plot viz. M1: Cycocel (CCC) @ 500 ppm, M2: Cycocel @ 1000 ppm, M3: Brassinosteroides (BR) @ 10 ppm, M4: Brassinosteroides @ 15 ppm, M5: Maleic hydrazide (MH) @ 100 ppm, M6: Maleic hydrazide @ 200 ppm and scheduling of applications in subplot i.e. S1: 30 DAS, S2: 50 DAS and S3: 30 and 50 DAS with an additional control observation. Solutions of PGRs were prepared and sprayed on the foliage of plants at 30 and 50 DAS with the help of knapsack sprayer as per treatment while in untreated control distilled water was sprayed at 30 and 50DAS. Groundnut cv. Dharani (TCGS-1043) variety was fertilized with uniform dose of (20-40-40 kg ha-1) of N, P2O5 and K2O, respectively and was grown with standard agronomic practices. For morphological parameters, observations were taken from ten plants, which were randomly selected from each net plot of each treatment from all the replications, then uprooted carefully on 45, 65 and 85 DAS and at harvest. The plant height (cm) was measured from ground level to the growing tip of freshly opened leaf emerging from the main shoot. The number of primary branches and number of functional leaves were recorded from the same observational plants. Physiological parameters were measured from 5 plants at several intervals starting from 45 DAS till harvest. The dry matter production and leaf area recorded at different stages of the crop were used to calculate the growth analysis indices as per the standard formulae (Radford, 1967). Data collected for various studies were subjected to the analysis of variance (ANOVA) appropriate to the design as given by Gomez and Gomez (1984). The Critical differences were worked out for the effects which are significant at 5% level of probability.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Effect of plant growth regulators (PGRs) and time of application on morphological parameters
 
Plant height (cm)
 
The application of different plant growth regulators significantly reduced the plant height except BR compared to control. Application of CCC @ 1000 ppm significantly reduced plant height from 45 DAS till harvest compared to all other PGRs at different concentration and control. However, the spraying of BR @ 15 ppm increased the plant height, followed by BR @ 10 ppm. The time of adminis-tration of PGRs at 30 and 50 DAS significantly reduced the length of the plant from 45 DAS (36.8 cm) till harvest (66.8 cm) over other two time of application (Table 1). The application of CCC @ 1000 ppm at 30and 50 DAS significantly reduced plant height from 45 DAS (30.1 cm) to the harvest (59.3 cm) in comparison to other growth regulators with time of applications. This might be due to the application of cycocel which decreased the apical dominance with less intermodal elongation by inhibition of gibberellin synthesis and promotes in case of brassinosteroides. These findings were similar to those of, Moulana et al., (2020); Sadeghi et al., (2014); Bhadane et al., (2020); Faldu et al., (2018); Sengupta et al., (2015); Lenka et al., (2023) and Karuppusamy et al., (2021).

Table 1: Effect of different levels of plant growth regulators and time of application on morphological parameters in kharif groundnut at successive stages of growth.


 
Number of main branches/plant
 
The numbers of branches/plant were significantly higher in the foliar application of the CCC @ 1000 ppm (5.8) which was at par with the BR @ 10 ppm (5.6). The lower numbers of branches/plant were recorded with the application of MH @ 200 ppm (4.3). The scheduled application of PGR at 30 and 50 DAS increased the number of branches/plant (5.4) significantly at different intervals of growth stages compared to 30 DAS and 50 DAS (Table 1). The heightened presence of branches, particularly in higher hormone concentrations during the peak vegetative stage, can be attributed to the influence of Cycocel on physiological processes like cell division, ion absorption, enzyme activities, photosynthetic efficiency and source-sink regulation. Similar increases in branch numbers were reported by Kaur et al., (2015); Faldu et al., (2018); Netwal et al., (2018); Mohanabharathi et al., (2019); Kurmi et al., (2020); Patil et al., (2008); Lakshmi et al., (2015) and Lenka et al., (2023).
 
Number of leaves/plant
 
Among different PGRs, application of the CCC @ 1000 ppm significantly increased the number of leaves /plant consecutively from 45 DAS (42.6), to the till the time of harvest (72.9), being maximum at 85 DAS (107.8). The number of leaves/plant increased significantly from 45DAS (45.0) till 85DAS (107.9), then decreased at harvest (74.1) as a result of spraying growth regulators at the time of 30 and 50 DAS (Table 1). The application of CCC @ 1000 ppm at 30 and 50 DAS significantly increased the number of leaves/plant at all the growth stages till 85 DAS (79.7) (Table 2). The leaves/plant is crucial as it serve as channel for supplying photosynthates to the pod development site, making a higher leaf count conducive to higher yield of groundnut. These results were supported with findings of, Prakash et al., (2006); Sengupta et al., (2015); Netwal et al., (2018); Sagar et al., (2020) and Siri et al., (2020).

Table 2: Effect of different levels of plant growth regulators and time of application on pod yield (kg/ha), haulm yield (kg/ha) and shelling percentage (%) in kharif groundnut.


 
Physiological parameters
 
Leaf area index (LAI)
 
The foliar application of the cycocel @ 1000 ppm significantly increased the LAI compared to other growth retardants from 45 DAS to 75 DAS. The LAI significantly increased with the application of PGRs at 30 and 50 DAS at all successive growth stages to 75 DAS (Fig 1) and decreased thereafter due to senescence and ageing of leaves. This may be due to good number of leaves with LAI, which was resulted higher production of photosynthates and then more partitioning of dry matter transported from leaf to pods and ultimately gave higher pod yield. Similar results were also cited by Upadhyay and Ranjan (2015); Prakash et al., (2006); Fatima et al., (2015); Sengupta et al., (2015) and Sagar et al., (2020).

Fig 1: Effect of different levels of plant growth regulators and time of application on leaf area index in kharif groundnut at successive stages of the growth.


 
Crop growth rate (g-2 day-1)
       
A perusal of data on crop growth rate showed that it increased up to 65 days and thereafter followed a decreasing trend. At 30-45DAS, CGR significantly increased in the BR @ 15 ppm (9.8 gm-2 day-1) but at par with the BR @ 10 ppm (9.1 gm-2 day-1). But from 45-65 DAS to 85 DAS-harvest, there was significant increase in crop growth rate with CCC @ 1000 ppm compared to other treatments. The spraying schedule of 30 and 50 DAS significantly increased CGR from 30-45 days (9.2 gm-2 day-1) till 85 DAS-harvest (5.2 gm-2 day-1) compared to 30 DAS and 50 DAS (Table 3). CGR is an indicator of productive efficiency of a crop and depends on genetic variables such as leaf area index, photosynthetic rate and leaf orientation and used as an indicative of light absorption. The crop growth increased during the peak period at 65 days and thereafter followed a decreasing trend due to transport of photosynthates towards pod during pod development stage. These results aligned with finding of Jadhav and Bhamburdekar (2014) and Meena et al., (2023).

Table 3: Effect of different levels of plant growth regulators and time of application on crop growth rate and leaf area ratio in kharif groundnut at successive stages of growth.



Relative growth rate (g g-1 day-1) (RGR)
 
The application of BR @ 15 ppm significantly noted higher RGR at 30-45 DAS (0.051 gg-1 day-1), being at par with the CCC @ 1000 ppm.  From 45-65 DAS till 85 DAS-harvest, CCC @ 1000ppm registered significantly higher RGR over all other treatments along with control. The foliar spraying of PGRs at 30 and 50 DAS significantly increased RGR at all the successive growth stages over other scheduling of applications. However, there was no significant difference between scheduling of growth regulators application at time of harvest (Fig 2). The increase in RGR (increase in dry matter of crop per unit of existing dry matter over time). through foliar application of growth regulator over control could be attributed to enhanced photosynthetic efficiency achieved through increased leaf thickness, cholorophyll content and improved translocation of carbon. Foliar application of growth retardant in groundnut resulted peak relative growth rate prior to pod initiation, followed by decrease during pod filling period over control. Similar results were also reported by Bharud and Pawar (2005) and Meena et al., (2023).

Fig 2: Effect of different levels of plant growth regulators and time of application on relative growth rate (g g-1 day-1 ) in kharif groundnut at successive stages of the growth.


  
Net Assimilation Rate (mg cm-2 day-1) (NAR) and Absolute Growth Rate (g day-1) (AGR)
 
Foliar application of CCC @ 1000 ppm significantly enhanced the NAR and AGR from 30-45 DAS till  45-65 DAS over all other PGRs and then followed a declining trend till harvest. Similar trend was also observed with spraying schedule of 30 and 50 DAS (Fig 3). Net assimi-slation rate is a measure of photosynthesis of leaves in crop community due to optimum LAI. Increase in NAR and AGR at 65 DAS i.e. at pod development stage might be due to increased efficiency of leaves for photosynthesis resulting in higher production of photosynthates as a response of photosynthetic apparatus to increase the demand for assimilates by growing pod (Fig 4). Similar findings on increase in NAR by PGRs were also reported by Meshram et al., (2018) and Shaheen et al., (2019).

Fig 3: Effect of different levels of plant growth regulators and time of application on net assimilation rate (cm2 day-1 ) in kharif groundnut at successive stages of the growth.



Fig 4: Effect of different levels of plant growth regulators and time of application on absolute growth rate (g day-1) in kharif groundnut at successive stages of the growth.


 
Leaf area ratio (cm2 g-1)
 
The treatment imposed with foliar application CCC @ 1000 ppm incurred significantly maximum LAR at 30-45 DAS and decreased in subsequent intervals till harvest under all growth regulators. The spraying of PGRs at 30 and 50DAS significantly increased LAR at 30-45 DAS, followed by decreasing trend till harvest (Table 2). This trend of result implies that cellular level of developmental process were mostly completed before flowering. Management of nutrition and hormone during this growth phase can add to growth and productivity of kharif groundnut by effectively regulating metabolic processes. The present findings were in close conformity of Sagar et al., (2020).

Yield and yield component
 
Compared to the control, the application growth regulators significantly enhanced the pod yield and yield attributes in kharif groundnut. The application of the CCC @ 1000 ppm significantly increased the pod yield (1847.1 kg/ha) and shelling% (72.9%) and haulm yield was higher under control (4757.2 kg/ha). The foliar spray growth retardants at the time of 30 and 50 DAS significantly increased the pod yield and shelling% to 1796.8 kg/ha and 2.6%, respectively. Groundnut pod yield is a function of dry matter accumulation and yield attributes. In groundnut, the application of the plant growth retardants significantly increased the yield and yield components compared to the control.The application of plant growth regulators increased the total biomass and then might have resulted in increased transport of assimilates from source to sink and their ultimate conversion into final reserved food (Vardhini and Rao, 1999). These results were supported with the findings of Janarjuna et al., (2001); Sadeghi et al., (2014); Khalilzadeh et al., (2016); Patel et al., (2019) and Kurmi et al., (2020).

CONCLUSION

The application of plant growth regulators has a significant effect on the morphological and physiological parameters of kharif groundnut. Foliar application of CCC @ 1000 ppm at 30 and 50 DAS reduced the plant height and enhanced primary branches, leaves per plant and several physio-logical parameters such as LAI, CGR and NAR over other growth regulators, adding to groundnut growth and productivity in kharif season.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The present study was supported by ICAR-Directorate of Groundnut Research, Junagadh, Gujurat and Directorate of Research,Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar.
 
Disclaimers
 
The views and conclusions expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of their affiliated institutions. The authors are responsible for the accuracy and completeness of the information provided, but do not accept any liability for any direct or indirect losses resulting from the use of this content.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this article. No funding or sponsorship influenced the design of the study, data collection, analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

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